Mertcan Bulak
@MBulak
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Ağustos 2020 tarihinde katıldı
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Liberals initially welcomed Pope Pius IX (1846–78). He was a warm, kindly, well-meaning man, and the liberals took him for a true reformer. Some dreamed of an Italian federation under the pope. But Pius suddenly changed his mind about the Papal States when revolutionaries assassinated the first papal prime minister, Count Pellegrino Rossi. Revolution broke out in Rome, and Pius was forced to flee. With French military help, he regained Rome and the Papal States, but this time Pius insisted on a return to the old absolutist rule.
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The revolution began to take on a religious character all its own. A new calendar removed all traces of Christianity and elevated the cult of reason. Soon parish churches were converted to temples of reason, and in the cathedral of Notre Dame, revolutionaries enthroned an actress on the high altar as the goddess of reason. This set the pattern for the provinces. Young girls decked out as Reason or Liberty or Nature led processions through towns to altars erected to the new religion of the revolution. By 1794 this parody of Christianity had spent its force, and a decree early the following year guaranteed the free exercise of any religion in France. All over the country Catholics returned to the altar.
In the brief ten years before the century ended, France formed a republic, executed a king, established an effective if faction-ridden revolutionary regime, and passed from that through a period of confusion that ended with a coup d’état and General Napoleon Bonaparte’s accession to power. Through it all, the French nation continually fought the rest of Europe.
The American Revolution in the 1770s inspired these radicals in Europe. It offered a great lesson to ponder and perhaps to imitate. To European observers, the American founding fathers were true men of the Enlightenment—rational yet passionately concerned about equality, peaceful yet ready to go to war for their freedom. By wresting independence from a formidable imperial power, they had proved that the Enlightenment ideas worked.
Coercion of opinion by the state in the interest of uniformity, Jefferson thought, had served only “to make one half the world fools, and the other half hypocrites.”