Techniques & Principles in Language TeachingDiane Larsen-Freeman · Oxford University Press · 201111 okunma
...'what happens in the classroom should end up making a difference outside of the classroom'
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It is important to recognize that methods link thoughts and actions, because teaching is not entirely about one or the other.
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Political Dimensions of Language // Participatory Approach
The goal of a Participatory Approach is to help students to understand the social, historical, or cultural forces that shaped a particular context, and then to help empower students to take action and make decisions in order to gain control over their lives in that context (Wallerstein 1983).
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Cooperative Learning
Indeed, cooperation is not only a way of learning, but also a theme to be communicated about and studied (Jacobs 1998).
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Without having the teacher to rely on, students have to assume responsibility for the work -- just as you so often say, 'only the learner can do the learning.'
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Political Dimensions of Language // Participatory Approach
It is not the content of subject-matter texts, but rahter it is content that comes from issues of concern to students. The Participatory Approach is based on a growing awareness of the role that education, in general, and language education, specifically, have in creating and perpetuating power dynamics in society.
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Techniques & Principles in Language TeachingDiane Larsen-Freeman · Oxford University Press · 201111 okunma
Since it is understood that language learning is a non-linear process, there is no particular pre-set order to the language items that are learned. Language is emergent, dynamic, and continuously evolving.
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Learning Strategy Training
Good language users, according to Rubin, are willing and accurate guessers who have a strong desire to communicate, will attempt to do so even at the risk of appearing foolish. They attend to both the meaning and the form of their message. They also practice and monitor their own speech as well as the speech of others.
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Political Dimensions of Language // Participatory Approach
As Ann Berthoff has written:
Education does not substitute for political action, but it is indispensable to it because of the role it plays in the development of critical consciousness. That, in turn, is dependent on the transforming power of language. (Berthoff 1987: xix)
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As a social process, it is assumed that learning is best served by collaboration between teacher and students and among students. According to Vygotsky, it is through social interaction that higher order thinking emerges.
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Teachers are not mere conveyor belts delivering language through inflexible prescribed and proscribed behaviours...
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Political Dimensions of Language // Plurilingualism and Multicompetence
...according to Cook (2002), the goal of language teaching should be successful language use and multicompetence, not trying to get students to imitate monolingual native-speaker use.
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Political Dimensions of Language // Literacies
Some educators (Gee 1996, Luke 2004) have explored literacies as a plural rather than singular concept, stressing the fact that participation in a literate English culture means more than being able to read English -- learners need to gain access to the specific English language norms, grammar, and vocabulary used by those in power.
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