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Spirit of Capitalism
> "It was the power of religious influence, not alone, but more than anything else, which created the differences of which we are conscious to-day”
Max Weber saw reformation as a new form of religion control, not elimination of Church’s ones. His aim focused on finding intimate relationship between asceticism and capitalism.
He emphasized that commercial and social interests determine opinions and altitudes of people. In today's world, person should make adapted his manner of life to conditions of capitalistic success.
“The capitalistic economy of the present day is an immense cosmos into which the individual is born, and which presents itself to him, at least as an individual, as an unalterable order of things in which he must live”
As he said: “Spirit of capitalism might be understandable, as has been said, purely as a result of adaptation”
For to discover ideal type of person who owns spirit of capitalism use Franklin.
He gets nothing out of his wealth for himself, except the irrational sense of having done his job well
One major principle of Capitalism is Labor must be performed as if it were an absolute end in itself, a calling. For providing this, Human must be able to cover some characteristics. Such as: cool self-control and frugality which enormously increase performance, being free from continual calculations of how the customary wage may be earned with a maximum of comfort and a minimum of exertion
To achieve its goal(increasing the productivity of human labor by increasing its intensity), modern capitalism was faced traditional worker’s character who did not ask how much can I earn in a day if I do as much work as possible? but how much must I work in order to earn the wage for take care of my traditional needs?”
And even to describe ideal type of Capitalist man, he put forward importance of ethics which play role of milestone to its existence
“Honesty is useful, because it assures credit; so are punctuality, industry, frugality, and that is the reason they are virtues. A logical deduction from this would be that where, for instance, the appearance of honesty serves the same purpose, that would suffice".
He knows that Capitalism existed in China, India, Babylon, in the classic world, and in the Middle Ages. But in all these cases, as we shall see, this particular ethos(want to make money as long as he could) was lacking
The development of the spirit of capitalism is related with part of the development of rationalism. But Rationalism shows different historical background from various parts of life
Church system had aristocracy in own self, it provide consciousness of divine grace of the elect and holy was accompanied by an attitude toward the sin of one's neighbor, not of sympathetic understanding based on consciousness of one's own weakness, but of hatred and contempt for him as an enemy of God bearing the signs of eternal damnation, sometimes, it resulted in the formation of sects.
• Puritanism:
Aim is create personality within rational act against drives and emotions
Most important thing was the fact that the man who, par excellence, lived a rational life in the religious sense was, and remained, alone the monk.
• Lutheranism:
> “The individual should remain once and 'for all in the station and calling in which God had placed him, and should restrain his worldly activity within the limits imposed by his established station in life”
Luther created a reformation in religion with translating Bible and added term of “Calling”(Jesus Sirach (xi. 20 and 21))
Conception of calling had already existed in the Middle Ages, but one thing was unquestionably new: the valuation of the fulfillment of duty in worldly affairs as the highest form which the moral activity of the individual could assume
For the believer, the law was an ideal though never quite attainable norm" while Luther, on the other hand, originally had prized freedom from subjugation to the law as a divine privilege of the believer”
Thus, for the time being, the only ethical result was negative; worldly duties were no longer subordinated to ascetic ones; obedience to authority and the acceptance of things as they were, were preached
Luther and his church undermined the psychological foundations for a rational ethics
without Calvinism his(Luther's) work could not have had permanent concrete success
Even, he wanted to add this part on his work
“Once and for all it must be remembered that programmes of ethical reform never were at the centre of interest for any of the religious reformers. They were not the founders of societies for ethical culture nor the proponents of humanitarian projects for social reform or cultural ideals”
From this aspect Reformers became forced to act opposite from own ideas,wills.
the original connection with dogmas has left behind important traces in the later undogmatic ethics.
According to Weber, we easily understand, with looking ideology of Lutheranism, enjoyment to hinder the rational organization of economic life, depending as it does on provision for the future, has in a certain sense a parallel in the field of religious life
There were 4 basic types of Protestants
Calvinism, Pietism, Methodism, Baptist sects.
• Calvinism:
> “God does not exist for men, but men for the sake of God”
Calvinism added something positive the idea of the necessity of proving one's faith in worldly activity
According to his idea, God is alone, is free and he is subject to no law. Calvin, basically, eliminates magics,based on logic, he assumed that Christian must fulfill his commands to the best of his ability to God’s will. One “value” which Calvinism emphasizes is Brotherhood love. It covers fulfillment of daily tasks and services interest of the rational organization of our social environment,promote the glory of God. Calvin, also, Rejects in principle the assumption that one can learn from the conduct of others whether they are chosen or damned. It is an unjustifiable attempt to force God's secrets.
In this idea best way for avoiding religion doubt, and to gives certainty to grace is focusing worldly activities. Because, in the former case religious life tends to mysticism and emotionalism, in the latter to ascetic action. Calvinism, being opposite Catholicism, emphasized importance of self-control for achieve to being chosen by God, not as damned. in Catholicism, there were chances for salvation, there was no rationalized religion system of life. In Calvinism, single good and bad act determine all character of person. God of Calvinism required not one good work, life of good work
Simply, asceticism(Puritanism) served to drive person farther away from everyday life, because the holiest task was definitely to surpass all worldly morality
Most important case beyond all in middle ages, consciousness of divine grace of the elect and holy was accompanied by an attitude toward the sin of one's neighbor, not of sympathetic understanding based on consciousness of one's own weakness, but of hatred and contempt for him as an enemy of God bearing the signs of eternal damnation.
Opposite to Puritanism, Calvinism based on doctrine of predestination and saw all life obligations as God’s order, all daily hard-working show our believe to Him.
Lutheranism, on account of its doctrine of grace, lacked a psychological sanction of systematic conduct to compel the methodical rationalization of life”
Calvinism, based on doctrine of predestination, rationalized protestant ethic and provide self-control on believers for fulfill tasks.
• Pietism:
> "It became evident that mere knowledge of theology by no means guaranteed the proof of faith through conduct. Thus election could not be proved by theological learning at all”
It wished to make the invisible Church of the elect visible on this earth. Without going so far as to form a separate sect, its members attempted to live, in this community, a life freed from all the temptations of the world
It carried emotional contemplation to doctrine of predestination.
Pietism meant simply the penetration of methodically controlled and supervised, thus of ascetic, conduct into the non-Calvinistic denominations.
Weber said if rational part of Pietism overcomes emotional part, we are faced these outcomes:
(1) that the methodical development of one's own state of grace to a higher and higher degree of certainty and perfection in terms of the law was a sign of grace; and
(2) that "God's Providence works through those in such a state of perfection", i.e. in that He gives them His signs if they wait patiently and deliberate methodically”
Pietism,as Lutheranism believe doctrine of grace. Its difference is Pietism assumes that grace is offered to all men, but for everyone either once at a definite moment in his life or at some moment for the last time
• Methodism:
> As Weber said: “Righteous conduct alone did not suffice, as he had found out for himself The feeling of grace was necessary in addition”
Based feeling of absolute certainty of forgiveness.
Achieving grace caused preventing worrying of Calvinism and providing difficult task as trying to find and get it.
According to Methodism, works are not the cause, but only the means of knowing one's state of grace, and even this only when they are performed solely for the glory of God
• Baptist sects:
> What God had revealed to the prophets and apostles was not all that He could and would reveal
No more, Church served as a sect of believers, not to all.
Baptist damned better one who is sinner than Calvinists.
it paid attention to being silence against inner drives for hearing God
Some Baptists(As Barclay) saw worldly obligations as naturali ratione, the necessary consequence of the believers having to live in the world.
It opened way to being forced political obligations. Also, its doctrine of salvation to the rôle of the conscience as the revelation of God to the individual gave their conduct in worldly callings a character which was of the greatest significance for the development of the spirit of capitalism
Difference of Baptist sect is based on voluntary submission, not being forced as old Christian churches. this developed its asceticism
Finally, importance is that conception of the state of religious grace, common to all the denominations, as a status which marks off its possessor from the degradation of the flesh, from the world. On the other hand, though the means by which it was attained differed for different doctrines, it could not be guaranteed by any magical sacraments, by relief in the confession, nor by individual good works. That was only possible by proof in a specific type of conduct unmistakably different from the way of life of the natural man.
Christian saints closed doors of Monasteries, Churches and take steps to new place of God: Market - place of life
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