"To stabilize marriages, the church also began to emphasize monogamy and permanence. A Frankish church council in 789 stipulated that marriage was an 'indissoluble sacrament' and condemned the practice of concubinage and easy divorce; during the reign of Emperor Louis the Pious (814--840), the church finally established the right to prohibit divorce. Now a man who married was expected to remain with his wife 'even though she were sterile, deformed, old, dirty, drunken, a frequenter of bad company, lascivious, vain, greedy, unfaithful, quarrelsome, abusive... or when that man was free, he freely engaged himself.'4 This was not easily accepted, since monogamy and indissoluble marriages were viewed as obstacles to the well-established practice of concubinage. Not until the thirteenth century was divorce largely stamped out among both the common people and the nobility."
Jackson J. Spielvogel, Western Civilization
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