A Little History of Philosophy
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/ Alfred Jules Ayer
"Wouldn’t it be wonderful if you had a way of knowing when
someone was talking nonsense? You’d never need to be fooled
again. You could divide everything that you heard or read into
statements which made sense and statements which were just
nonsense and not worth your time. A.J. Ayer (1910–89) believed
he’d discovered one. He called it the Verification Principle."
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Who Is Pulling Our Strings?
Augustine
"Augustine (354–430) desperately wanted to know the truth. As
a Christian, he believed in God. But his belief left many ques-
tions unanswered. What did God want him to do? How should
he live? What should he believe? He spent most of his waking
life thinking and writing about these questions. The stakes were
very high. For people who believe in the possibility of spending
eternity in hell, making a philosophical mistake can seem to
have terrible consequences. As Augustine saw it, he might end
up burning in sulphur for ever if he was wrong. One problem he
agonized over was why God allowed evil in the world. The
answer he gave is still a popular one with many believers."
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Bewitched by Language
,
Ludwig Wittgenstein
"If you found yourself at one of the seminars Ludwig Wittgenstein
(1889–1951) held in Cambridge in 1940 you would very quickly
realize that you were in the presence of someone very unusual.
Most people who met him thought he was a genius. Bertrand
Russell described him as ‘passionate, profound, intense and domi-
nating’. This small Viennese man with bright blue eyes and a deep
seriousness about him would pace up and down, asking students
questions, or pause lost in thought for minutes at a time. No one
dared interrupt. He didn’t lecture from prepared notes, but thought
through the issues in front of his audience, using a series of exam-
ples to tease out what was at stake. He told his students not to
waste their time reading philosophy books; if they took such
books seriously, he said, they should throw them across the room
and get on with thinking hard about the puzzles they raised."
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The Garden Path, Epicurus
"Imagine your funeral. What will it be like? Who’ll be there?
What will they say? What you are imagining must be from your
own perspective. It’s as if you are still there watching events
from a particular place, perhaps from above, or from a seat
among the mourners. Now, some people do believe that that is
a serious possibility, that after death we can survive outside a
physical body as a kind of spirit that might even be able to see
what’s going on in this world. But for those of us who believe
death is final, there is a real problem. Every time we try and
imagine not being there we have to do it by imagining that we
are there, watching what is happening when we’re not there."
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So What?
C.S. Peirce and William James
"A squirrel is clinging tightly to the trunk of a large tree. On the
other side of the tree, close up against the trunk is a hunter.
Every time the hunter moves to his left, the squirrel moves
quickly to its left too, scurrying further round the trunk,
hanging on with its claws. The hunter keeps trying to find the
squirrel, but it manages to keep just out of his sight. This goes
on for hours, and the hunter never gets a glimpse of the squirrel.
Would it be true to say that the hunter is circling the squirrel?
Think about it. Does the hunter actually circle his prey?"
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The Man Who Didn’t Ask Questions
,
Hannah Arendt
"The Nazi Adolf Eichmann was a hard-working administrator.
From 1942 he was in charge of transporting the Jews of Europe
to concentration camps in Poland, including Auschwitz. This
was part of Adolf Hitler’s ‘Final Solution’: his plan to kill all Jews
living in land occupied by the German forces. Eichmann wasn’t
responsible for the policy of systematic killing – it was not his
idea. But he was heavily involved in organizing the railway
system that made it possible."
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