Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind
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A strong taste preference for fat and sugar, adaptive in a past environment of scarce food resources, now leads to clogged arteries, Type 2 diabetes, and heart attacks.
Yağ ve şeker için güçlü bir tat tercihi, geçmişteki kıt gıda kaynaklarına uyum sağlayan bir tat tercihti, şimdi tıkanmış arterlere, Tip 2 diyabete ve kalp krizlerine yol açmaktadır.
The social behaviour of a species evolves in such a way that in each distinct behaviourevoking situation the individual will seem to value his neighbours’ fitness against his own according to the coefficients of relationship appropriate to that situation. (Hamilton, 1964, p. 23)
Hamilton, W. D. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behavior. I and II. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, 1–52.Kitabı okudu
The obvious reproductive advantages of short-term mating to men may have blinded scientists to their benefits to women.
Vira bismillah
Let’s start by asking why psychology needs to be integrated with evolutionary biology.
Do attachment styles represent early environmental calibration, or do they reflect heritable individual differences, as suggested by some research (Bailey, Kirk, Zhu, Dunne, & Martin, 2000; Goldsmith & Harman, 1994)? Are individual differences in attachment stable over the life course? Do the underlying psychological mechanisms of attachment coordinate with the specific features of adaptive problems posed by each alternative strategy? These questions await further conceptual and empirical work. Nonetheless, studies demonstrate that early age of menarche is indeed linked with parental marital unhappiness and more rejection from the father, as well as with an earlier age of dating men. This suggests promise for the theory of early attachment in promoting different adult sexual strategies (Kim, Smith, & Palermiti, 1997), although it is not inconsistent with a pure heritability interpretation (see Ellis, 2005, for a discussion). Recent empirical work also supports the theory that a low quality childhood environment, especially one marked by an absent father, a psychologically dysfunctional father, and family disruption, does indeed predict an early age of menarche, which can lead to early onset of sexual activity and a short-term mating strategy (Neberich, Penke, Lehnart, & Asendorpf, 2010; Tither & Ellis, 2008).
According to conventional wisdom in the social sciences, “love” is a relatively recent invention, introduced a few hundred years ago by romantic European poets (Jankowiak, 1995). Research suggests that this conventional wisdom is radically wrong. There is evidence that loving thoughts, emotions, and actions are experienced by people in cultures worldwide—from the Zulu in the southern tip of Africa to the Inuit in the cold northern ice caps of Alaska. In a survey of 168 diverse cultures around the world, anthropologists William Jankowiak and Edward Fischer examined four sources of evidence for the presence of love: the singing of love songs, elopement by lovers against the wishes of parents, cultural informants reporting personal anguish and longing for a loved one, and folklore depicting romantic entanglements. They found evidence for romantic love in 88.5 percent of the cultures (Jankowiak, 1995; Jankowiak & Fischer, 1992). Clearly love is not a phenomenon limited to the United States or to Western cultures.