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Sayfa 138 - Say Yayınlan, 1. Baskı: 2016, Sirkeci-İstanbul, İngilizceden Çeviren: Sibel ErattanKitabı okudu
To Euclid and the geniuses that followed, to Descartes, to Gauss, to Einstein, and-maybe, time will tell-to Witten; and to all those on whose shoulders they stood, we owe a debt of gratitude. They experienced the joy of discovery. For the rest of us they enabled an equal joy, the joy of understanding.
Today, our knowledge of the universe embraces distances so vast we will never travel them and distances so tiny we will never see them. We contemplate times no clock can measure, dimensions no instrument can detect, and forces no person can feel.
If one considers the laws of quantum mechanics, one is forced to conclude that black holes are not really black. That is because, due to the uncertainty principle, empty space is not really empty; it is filled with pairs of particles and antiparticles that exist for the tiniest moment before annihilating each other back into oblivion. According to Hawking's very involved calculations, when this happens in the space just outside the black hole, the black hole can suck in one member of the pair, shooting the other member out into space, to be observed as radiation. Hence, black holes glow. That also means that they have a non-zero temperature
According to M-theory, strings are not really the fundamental particle, but are only examples of more general objects, called branes, short for membranes. Branes are higher-dimensional versions of the string, which is a one-dimensional object. And, in M-theory, there is an extra curled-up dimension-making a total of eleven dimensions, not ten. But its strangest aspect is this: in M-theory, space and time, in some fundamental sense, do not exist.
M-theory appears to have the property that what we perceive as position and time, that is, the coordinates of a string or a brane, are really mathematical arrays known as matrices.
Today, Witten is often compared to Einstein. There could be many reasons for that, but the foremost one is probably that those making the comparison haven't heard of many other physicists. It's really the curse of Einstein's legendary status-he's become a cliche, everyone known as the Einstein of this or the Einstein of that.
But if you must make a comparison, in his work Witten is far more like Gauss than Einstein. Not dependent on any old friend to explain modem geometry to him, like Gauss, Witten has been reinventing it himself. And like Gauss, his work is having a major impact on the direction of modern mathematics, something that Einstein's work never did.