Quantum Worlds and the Emergence of Spacetime

Something Deeply Hidden

Sean Carroll

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Superposition
So what we really have is a superposition of all possible combinations of where the electron might have been located, and where the camera actually observed it to be.
On the other hand, in the memorable words of Richard Feynman, “I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics.” We use quantum mechanics to design new technologies and predict the outcomes of experiments. But honest physicists admit that we don’t truly understand quantum mechanics.
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Hidden variables
But Bell’s theorem implies that any such theory requires “action at a distance”—a measurement at one location can instantly affect the state of the universe arbitrarily far away. This seems to be in violation of the spirit if not the letter of the theory of relativity, which says that objects and influences cannot propagate faster than the speed of light. The hidden-variable approach is still being actively pursued, but all known attempts along these lines are ungainly and hard to reconcile with modern theories such as the Standard Model of particle physics, not to mention speculative ideas about quantum gravity, as we’ll discuss later. Perhaps this is why Einstein, the pioneer of relativity, never found a satisfactory theory of his own.
When you perform a measurement, such as the position or spin of a particle, quantum mechanics says there are only certain possible results you will ever get. You can’t predict which of the results it will be, but you can calculate the probability for each allowed outcome.
Quantum mechanics isn’t magic. It is the deepest, most comprehensive view of reality we have. As far as we currently know, quantum mechanics isn’t just an approximation of the truth; it is the truth.
There is no such thing as “the position of the electron.” There is only the electron’s wave function. Quantum mechanics implies a profound distinction between “what we can observe” and “what there really is.” Our observations aren’t revealing pre-existing facts of which we were previously ignorant; at best, they reveal a tiny slice of a much bigger, fundamentally elusive reality.
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