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These data show that children living with one genetic parent and one stepparent are roughly 40 times more likely to be physically abused than children living with both genetic parents. This greater risk rate occurs even when other factors such as poverty and socioeconomic status are controlled. There is indeed a higher rate of child abuse in low-income families, but it turns out that the rates in stepfamilies are roughly the same across different levels of socioeconomic status.
In fact, many factors cause the existing design of our adaptations to be far from optimal. Because evolutionary change occurs slowly, requiring dozens or thousands of generations of recurrent selection pressure, existing humans are necessarily designed for the previous environments of which they are a product. Stated differently, we carry around a Stone Age brain in a modern environment. In other words, “we are walking archives of ancestral wisdom”
Aslında birçok faktör, adaptasyonlarımızın mevcut tasarımının, optimal olmaktan uzak olmasına neden olur. Evrimsel değişim, düzinelerce veya binlerce nesiller boyunca tekrarlanan seçilim baskısını gerektirdiğinden, yavaş yavaş meydana geldiğinden, mevcut insanlar zorunlu olarak bir ürünü oldukları önceki ortamlar için tasarlanmıştır. Başka bir deyişle, modern bir ortamda Taş Devri beynini taşıyoruz. Başka bir deyişle, “atasal bilgeliğinin arşivlerinde yürüyoruz”
There is evidence that men have lower thresholds than women for inferring sexual intent. Knowledge of this mechanism, however, allows for the possibility of change. Men, for example, can be educated with the information that they have lower thresholds for inferring sexual intent when a woman smiles at them. This knowledge can then be used by men.
Erkeklerin cinsel niyet çıkarımı yapmak için kadınlardan daha düşük eşiklere sahip olduğuna dair kanıtlar var. Bununla birlikte, bu mekanizmanın bilgisi, değişim olasılığına izin verir. Örneğin erkekler, bir kadın onlara gülümsediğinde cinsel niyeti anlamak için daha düşük eşiklere sahip oldukları bilgisi ile eğitilebilir. Bu bilgi daha sonra erkekler tarafından kullanılabilir.
Evolutionary Personality Psychology
Personality psychology might be the broadest and the most encompassing branch of psychology. Historically, all “grand” theories of personality have hypotheses about the contents of human nature at their core, such as motives for sex and aggression (Sigmund Freud), self-actualization (Abraham Maslow), striving for superiority (Adler), or striving for status and intimacy (David McClelland, Henry Murray, & Jerry Wiggins). Hypothesized psychological features of human nature have provided much of the “core” around which these grand theories of personality have been constructed.
On the other hand, personality psychology has also been centrally concerned with individual differences: What are the most important ways individuals differ? What are the origins of individual differences? What are the psychological and physiological correlates of individual differences? What are the consequences of individual differences for social interaction, psychopathology, well-being, and the life course?
Do attachment styles represent early environmental calibration, or do they reflect heritable individual differences, as suggested by some research (Bailey, Kirk, Zhu, Dunne, & Martin, 2000; Goldsmith & Harman, 1994)? Are individual differences in attachment stable over the life course? Do the underlying psychological mechanisms of attachment coordinate with the specific features of adaptive problems posed by each alternative strategy? These questions await further conceptual and empirical work. Nonetheless, studies demonstrate that early age of menarche is indeed linked with parental marital unhappiness and more rejection from the father, as well as with an earlier age of dating men. This suggests promise for the theory of early attachment in promoting different adult sexual strategies (Kim, Smith, & Palermiti, 1997), although it is not inconsistent with a pure heritability interpretation (see Ellis, 2005, for a discussion). Recent empirical work also supports the theory that a low quality childhood environment, especially one marked by an absent father, a psychologically dysfunctional father, and family disruption, does indeed predict an early age of menarche, which can lead to early onset of sexual activity and a short-term mating strategy (Neberich, Penke, Lehnart, & Asendorpf, 2010; Tither & Ellis, 2008).