Russell Keat

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In these other modes the relations of production are not dominant; but such relations determine the way in which some other structural element, such as religion or politics, dominates.
According to Marx, any social science which merely analyses this fetishistic level of appearances is false and distorting. (...) It is not that people simply misperceive the nature of capitalism. Rather it is that reality presents itself in an inverted form.
Reklam
In capitalism, however, the fact of appropriation is concealed. There is freedom of choice for both employers and employees, for producers and consumers. (...) In the CMP the worker is not only free to sell his labour-power but has to sell it in order to live. This is because he does not own any of the means of production.
Sayfa 106 - 107Kitabı okuyacak
For Marx, the peasantry only constitutes a class-in-itself and not a class-for-itself. This is because the organization of peasant production is such that the members of this class are unable to become conscious of their common interests, or to develop patterns of organized, class-conscious action. A class for Marx only properly exist when it assumes a directly political character. Social classes, then, are not merely elements of the economic base; class relationships are importantly determined by the superstructure.
Engels in particular claims that not every aspect of the superstructure is determined by the economic base. He emphasizes the partial autonomy of the superstructure, in that each element within it has a degree of independence from, and influence upon, the workings of the base. Thus Engels discusses how legal codes are not a simple expression of class domination.
Marx rejects the idea of positivist science, the search for general laws and its connected model of explanation. He does however believe in the possibility of an objective science of social formations. He is both a naturalist and a realist.
Reklam
Marx’s analysis of fetishism, a concept which includes the erroneous interpretation of certain properties of things as natural rather than social, is presented in Capital in the context of a more general methodological distinction between appearance and reality.