Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind
David BussEvolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind Sözleri ve Alıntıları
Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind sözleri ve alıntılarını, Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind kitap alıntılarını, Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind en etkileyici cümleleri ve paragragları 1000Kitap'ta bulabilirsiniz.Yakın zamanın araştırmaları ne diyor?
The hormone testosterone (T) plays a key role in male mating effort, the time and energy devoted to pursuing mates and besting same-sex competitors (Ellison, 2001). Higher T levels facilitate male pursuit of females, and T levels increase a er interacting with an attractive woman (Roney, Mahler, & Maestripieri, 2003). Maintaining high levels of T, though, can be costly for men. T can compromise immune functioning, and because it is linked with mating effort, it may interfere with parenting effort (it’s difficult for a man to be a good parent if he’s always pursuing other women). Consequently, evolutionists have hypothesized that T levels should drop a er a man succeeds in attracting a long-term mate, and studies have found precisely that effect (Burnham et al., 2003; Gray et al., 2004). One study found that men in committed relationships had 21 percent lower T levels than unpaired men (see Figure 5.6). Another found that men in long-term relationships (more than 12 months) had substantially lower T levels than single men or men in newly formed relationships (less than 12 months) (Farrelly, Owens, Elliott, Walden, & Wetherell, 2015). Married men who had children had even lower levels of T.
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
In the late 1800s, Sigmund Freud rocked the scientific community by proposing a theory of psychology that had a foundation in sexuality. To the Victorian culture, Freud’s theory was shocking. Not only was sexuality a motivating force for adults, Freud proposed that it was the driving force of human behavior regardless of age, from the smallest
Evcilliğin İcadı - Charles Rice
[Women] not rarely run away with a favoured lover… . We thus see that… the women are not in quite so abject a state in relation to marriage as has often been supposed. They can tempt the men they prefer, and sometimes can reject those whom they dislike, either before or after marriage
Combat among men was a central feature of human ancestral life.
Sayfa 2
Researchers have made progress in identifying the underlying brain mechanisms involved in love (Bartels & Zeki, 2004; Fisher, Aron, & Brown, 2005). Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology, researchers scanned the brains of individuals who were intensely in love while they thought about their loved one. The specific areas of the brain that “lit up” (showed an increased blood flow, indicating changes in neural activity) centered on the caudate nucleus and the ventral tegmental areas. These areas contain cells that produce dopamine, which stimulates the reward centers of the brain, analogous to experiencing a “rush” of cocaine (Fisher, 2006). Thus, researchers are beginning to make progress in identifying the underlying brain circuits involved in the psychological state of love.
Contrary to these misconceptions, evolutionary theory does not imply genetic determinism. It does not imply that we are powerless to change things. It does not mean that our existing adaptations are optimally designed.
Bu yanılgıların aksine, evrim teorisi genetik determinizm anlamına gelmez. Bir şeyleri değiştirmek için güçsüz olduğumuz anlamına gelmez. Bu, mevcut adaptasyonların optimum şekilde tasarlandığı anlamına gelmez.
In summary, Trivers's (1972) theory of parental investment and sexual selection makes two profound predictions: (1) the sex that invests more in offspring (typically, but not always, the female) will be more discriminating or selective about mating; and (2) the sex that invests less in offspring will be more competitive for sexual access to the high investing sex. In the human case, it is clear that women have greater obligatory parental investment. To produce a single child, women must endure a nine-month pregnancy, whereas men can produce that same child with as little as a few minutes of investment. When it comes to long-term mating or marriage, however, it is equally clear that both men and women invest heavily in children, and so the theory of parental investment predicts that both sexes should be very choosy and discriminating.
According to the frugivory by-product hypothesis, the human penchant for drinking alcohol is not an adaptation but rather is a by-product of adaptive fondness for ripe fruit That is, all humans have adaptations that favor the consumption of ripe fruit, but these can go awry in the modern world of artificial drinks with high alcohol content. Indeed, alcoholism in the modern world is likely a maladaptive by-product of the overindulgence of these frugivorous adaptations. So the next time you reach for a drink, perhaps you’ll think of your primate ancestors having their version of a party—sitting around a tree eating ripe fruit.
Frugivory yan ürün hipotezine göre, alkol içme tutkusu bir adaptasyon değil, olgun meyveye adaptif düşkünlüğün bir yan ürünüdür, yani, tüm insanlar olgun meyve tüketimini destekleyen adaptasyonlara sahiptir, ancak bunlar yüksek alkol içeriğine sahip yapay içeceklerin modern dünyasında ters gidebilir. Gerçekten de, modern dünyada alkolizm muhtemelen bu tutumlu adaptasyonların aşırı özeninin maladaptif bir yan ürünüdür. Bir dahaki sefere bir içkiye uzandığınızda, belki de primat atalarınızın olgun meyve yiyen bir ağacın etrafında oturan bir parti versiyonunu düşünürsünüz.
The social behaviour of a species evolves in such a way that in each distinct behaviourevoking situation the individual will seem to value his neighbours’ fitness against his own according to the coefficients of relationship appropriate to that situation. (Hamilton, 1964, p. 23)
Hamilton, W. D. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behavior. I and II. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, 1–52.Kitabı okudu
Vira bismillah
Let’s start by asking why psychology needs to be integrated with evolutionary biology.
A strong taste preference for fat and sugar, adaptive in a past environment of scarce food resources, now leads to clogged arteries, Type 2 diabetes, and heart attacks.
Yağ ve şeker için güçlü bir tat tercihi, geçmişteki kıt gıda kaynaklarına uyum sağlayan bir tat tercihti, şimdi tıkanmış arterlere, Tip 2 diyabete ve kalp krizlerine yol açmaktadır.
The obvious reproductive advantages of short-term mating to men may have blinded scientists to their benefits to women.
We tend to know who are our true friends from their behavior toward us when we most need their help. It is possible that the sense of alienation many people feel stems from the fact that humans have conquered many "hostile forces of nature," and so are less likely to face life-threatening events that allow us to know who are our true friends—those who are deeply engaged in our welfare. Although people may have many significant friendships, many feel that others are not deeply involved in their lives.
According to conventional wisdom in the social sciences, “love” is a relatively recent invention, introduced a few hundred years ago by romantic European poets (Jankowiak, 1995). Research suggests that this conventional wisdom is radically wrong. There is evidence that loving thoughts, emotions, and actions are experienced by people in cultures worldwide—from the Zulu in the southern tip of Africa to the Inuit in the cold northern ice caps of Alaska. In a survey of 168 diverse cultures around the world, anthropologists William Jankowiak and Edward Fischer examined four sources of evidence for the presence of love: the singing of love songs, elopement by lovers against the wishes of parents, cultural informants reporting personal anguish and longing for a loved one, and folklore depicting romantic entanglements. They found evidence for romantic love in 88.5 percent of the cultures (Jankowiak, 1995; Jankowiak & Fischer, 1992). Clearly love is not a phenomenon limited to the United States or to Western cultures.
In fact, many factors cause the existing design of our adaptations to be far from optimal. Because evolutionary change occurs slowly, requiring dozens or thousands of generations of recurrent selection pressure, existing humans are necessarily designed for the previous environments of which they are a product. Stated differently, we carry around a Stone Age brain in a modern environment. In other words, “we are walking archives of ancestral wisdom”
Aslında birçok faktör, adaptasyonlarımızın mevcut tasarımının, optimal olmaktan uzak olmasına neden olur. Evrimsel değişim, düzinelerce veya binlerce nesiller boyunca tekrarlanan seçilim baskısını gerektirdiğinden, yavaş yavaş meydana geldiğinden, mevcut insanlar zorunlu olarak bir ürünü oldukları önceki ortamlar için tasarlanmıştır. Başka bir deyişle, modern bir ortamda Taş Devri beynini taşıyoruz. Başka bir deyişle, “atasal bilgeliğinin arşivlerinde yürüyoruz”