Mertcan Bulak
@MBulak
1180 okur puanı
Ağustos 2020 tarihinde katıldı
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The final significant step came in 1252. Pope Innocent IV authorized torture as a means of getting information and confessions from accused heretics. Popes, saints, and theologians had in the past rejected with horror the very thought. But no such reserve remained after Innocent III had ascended the papal throne and the Catholic Church had achieved its majestic and powerful unity.
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In 1220 the Dominican mission and lifestyle gained official approval. The new preaching order that we know as Dominicans was called mendicant, meaning “begging,” and the term friar (or brother) distinguished them from monks because, unlike monks, they went forth to live among people to preach and teach. Just as monastic houses had once arisen to minister in the countryside, so the mendicant friars now emerged to meet the spiritual needs of townspeople.
As the Roman church had for centuries, Aquinas held that it is a true sacrifice, continuing that of Christ on the cross, and predisposing God to be gracious to those for whom it is offered. In the Supper the essence of the bread and wine are changed miraculously into the actual body and blood of Christ while the exterior remains unchanged, a doctrine known as transubstantiation—of which Thomas gave the classic presentation.
Rather than denounce the tenets of Averroes, Maimonides, and Aristotle out of hand, Thomas Aquinas examined their writings point by point, refuting some and reconciling others with Christianity. The result was his Summa Theologica (a summation of theological knowledge).
Sometime around 1140 Gratian, a monk of the monastery of St. Felix at Bologna, published a Harmony of Discordant Canons , which tried to coordinate all previous collections of church law. Since he arranged his quotations of authorities subject by subject, his Harmony soon emerged as the sole manual for teachers and for judges in the church. It served as the base for later additions to the body of canon law.