Mertcan Bulak
@MBulak
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Ağustos 2020 tarihinde katıldı
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Martin reigned because of the council’s action. Yet as soon as he was pope, he repudiated all acts of the council, except the one by which he ruled. The legal mind of the Roman church had never encountered so great a contradiction not of theory but of practice. Martin had good reason to deny the work of the council, for it raised an important question: Who is greater, a general council that creates the pope, or the pope who claims supremacy over councils?
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Thus, with Urban ruling from Rome and Clement from Avignon, the murky chapter in papal history called the Great Schism of the papacy begins. It lasted for thirty-nine years. Each pope had his own College of Cardinals, thereby insuring the papal succession of its own choice. Each pope claimed to be the true Vicar of Christ, with the power to excommunicate those who did not acknowledge him.
To replace these funds and raise new ones, the Avignon popes resorted to a host of moneymaking schemes, some old, some new. There were fees for this privilege and taxes for that. For example, the popes introduced the rule that whenever a bishop was appointed, the first year’s income—called an annat—should go to the pope. To fill a vacancy, popes often transferred a bishop from another city and thus created more annates. Or perhaps the pope delayed the appointment and received all the income in the interim. This was called a reservation.
Anagni came to symbolize the descent of papal power—even as Canossa, some two centuries before, had symbolized its ascent. When Boniface’s successor in Rome died after a brief, ineffectual reign, Philip’s daring coup bore its fruit. In 1305 the College of Cardinals elected a Frenchman, the archbishop of Bordeaux, as Pope Clement V. Clement never set foot in Rome, preferring to stay closer to home, where he was always accessible to royal bidding.
Boniface issued Unam sanctam , the most extreme assertion of papal power in all of church history. This time Boniface made his meaning unmistakable. “It is altogether necessary,” he declared, “for every human being to be subject to the Roman pontiff.” The king’s countermove was no less drastic. He prepared to have Boniface deposed on the ground that his election had been illegal.