Mertcan Bulak
@MBulak
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Ağustos 2020 tarihinde katıldı
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Imperial control of the southern shores of the Baltic and deep religious convictions compelled the able Lutheran warrior King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden to enter Germany as the new leader of the Protestant cause. A series of smashing victories carried him south as far as Munich. The Lion of the North, Protestants called him, but even regal courage meets its end. At the Battle of Lutzen (1632), southwest of Leipzig, the Swedish army was again victorious, but Adolphus was cut down in combat. Without Adolphus the war wore on, but the outcome was already clear. The Catholic forces could not subdue the Protestants in northern Germany and the Protestants could not defeat the Catholics in the south.
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A zealous supporter of the Counter-Reformation, Jesuit-educated Ferdinand II was named the king of Bohemia only shortly before he was also elected Holy Roman Emperor. Moving under the concept of one religion for one realm, Ferdinand attempted to uproot Protestantism from Bohemia and impose Catholicism on his subjects. The Bohemian nobles, mostly Protestants, rose in revolt and offered their crown to Frederick V, the ardent Calvinist ruler of the Palatinate, one of the major German territories. Frederick’s acceptance touched off the fighting between Catholics and Calvinists.
One of the glaring weaknesses of the Peace of Augsburg (1555) was that it ignored the Calvinists. Given their sense of holy mission, it was merely a matter of time before hostilities erupted anew. Preparations for war were laid early in the seventeenth century when Protestants formed a league of German princes and Catholics created a similar Catholic League. Fighting broke out in 1618.
In a similar way, between 1560 and 1618 in the Netherlands, the strongly Calvinistic Dutch fought a war of independence from Catholic Spain and won. In the southern territories, however, the area we call Belgium, the people remained Catholic and did not gain their independence from Spain until much later.
From 1562 to 1598 France suffered a series of civil wars between Roman Catholics and French Calvinists (or Huguenots). When both parties reached the point of exhaustion, they agreed to a territorial compromise in the royal Edict of Nantes (1598). The Huguenots gained religious freedom and political control of certain parts of the country, while Roman Catholicism remained the official religion of the realm and in the greater portion of the nation.