It was the Syllabus , a list of eighty condemned propositions, which caused general consternation. It seemed designed to shock and offend, for example by denying that non-Catholics should be free to practise their religion (77). Above all, the last proposition seemed to sum up the Catholic Church’s war against modern society, for in it the Pope condemned the notion that ‘the Roman Pontiff can and should reconcile himself with progress, liberalism, and recent civilisation’ (80).
The Syllabus was intended as a blow at liberal Catholicism, and everyone knew it. The French government, whose troops were the only bulwark between the Pope and the Risorgimento, banned the Syllabus ; it was publicly burned in Naples; Austria considered a ban but decided that this would breach the Concordat. Montalembert’s ally, Bishop Dupanloup of Orleans, wrote that ‘if we do not succeed in checking this senseless Romanism, the Church will be outlawed in Europe for half a century’.
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