The opportunity for frontier technologies to improve humans through biological and technological enhancement and genetic engineering could well lead to a forced evolutionary bifurcation, which effectively creates two (or more) essentially different separate species, with a gap too enormous to jump by natural means. This would most likely consign all non-enhanced humanity to a permanently second-class future, dwarfing our current concerns of inequality between the haves and have-nots. Moreover, as genetic modifications are transferred to future generations, human (or possibly AI) design would inevitably limit the incredible randomness of natural evolution, the most primal form of innovation. Historically, conquering nations have added to the gene pool; natural disasters have eliminated genes. Many other seemingly random events have led to significant evolutionary changes. In Darwinian terms, there has been a continuous battle with only the fittest surviving. Engineered enhancements might well provide extraordinary improvements for the current environment. However, in the event of unexpected exogenous world changes, engineered solutions based on pre-programmed parameters, no matter how sophisticated and/or adaptable, might not be sufficient.
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