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*It may contain spoilers*
Thomas More wrote the book in Medieval England in Latin. Medival, also known as the dark age, is a time period dominated by scholastic thought and the ideology of Christianity. In this period, there was no progress in science, human rights and freedom were prevented, people were used as slaves, class separations and reformations prevailed. The renaissance, humanism and reformation affecting the whole of Europe in sixteen centuries, influenced Thomas More, the first socialist and humanist of the western world. King of the period King Henry VIII who is married to Cathedral of Spain Queen Aragon at that time, fell in love with Anne Boleyn and wanted to divorce. The Pope, who strictly opposed to divorce, rejected this. Thereby King Henry argued that he did not legitimize the papacy and that the King had to be at the head of the British churches and had it accepted in his parliament. Thomas More rejected king's persuance by saying that Parliament, who can not say God is not God cannot put the king in front of the church, and his opposition to religious reform let to his death sentence, but the real reason he risked death is the because he believes thoughts cannot be a crime. Thomas More died at the request of the king not to
give up his faith and thought. Thomas More who is a lawyer creates an island in Greek that means nowhere. The name of island is utopia which takes its name from its founder king Utopus. This island portrays Thomas More's ideal dream country. This island is exact opposite of the England of the period in every mean.
Hythloday have sailed with a historical figure, Amerigo Vespucci, lends credibility to his stories. It was in the new world that he came into contact with the utopians, an island people who live in what Hythloday thinks to be the most perfectly organized commonwealth in the world. We see some ideas of Hythloday in this part of book. His critique is directed at the feudal structure of English society. He thinks that the tolerance of pride corrupts English society absolutely. He knows, unless leaders study philsophy, they won't be open to reason concerning what goals a good commonwealth should set for itself. Instead, they will do what comes naturally, from pride and greed; they will go to war to take what isn't theirs.
In this second part of book, the traveller begins to describe the island of utopia. Contrary to the Middle Ages, there is no concept of private property on this island. Therefore, there is no class distinction, so that people are free and happy. Our character starts with telling the cities and Amaurote. He says that all cities are similar to each other outside the regional characteristics, so he wants to tell about his favourite city. This city is the capital of utopia. The national assembly and the government are here. The city is surrounded by high and thick walls. The cities are divided into four and there is a market place in the middle of each neighbourhood. As I stated, there is no understanding of private property. So they change their homes every ten years. Houses do not have locks and keys, because there is nothing special about anyone in the houses. Everything is for everyone. They can take whatever they need from the market in the middle of every neighbourhood. That's why they do not need to steal anything. The government supplies them their necessities. It is written in a part
“The cause of greed is fear or poverty”. When the politicians hide havings from the public, the people start to worry about their future. Anyone do not give them assurance about their rights. They grow poor and their apprehension turn into covetousness. Thomas More criticizes the laws that take sides only with politicians. There is no way unfair laws his island. We can see that he is strictly against this. Syphogorants sight the folk gingerly. They listen the voice of public, and they devote them for the comfort of the public like the rest of the headmen. The president can continue his mission if protect the rights of the public.
There are many unneeded works for the leisured classes by earning much money. On the other hand working class work for peanuts overtime. When we look at the utopians we see that they live in profusion, not because they work extremely just because they have a system that treats everyone fairly equally. The system employs them by considering all criteria such as their age, gender, health status and interests. So everyone is satisfied with their work, and they provide efficiency even they have short working hours. Everything is organized and well-maintained, as things progress systematically. Accordingly, the work is decreasing and the utopians work much less. Even they love their work so much that they can take care of it even in their spare time. They know how to have fun when they rest. They love music, good food, fragrances and conversation, so they give plenty of room for all of them at dinner.
King Utopus legalized freedom of religion after conquering utopia. Because he observed the harm of sectarian wars when he conquered the island. They believe in a god called Mithra, but everyone's Mithra is different. They don't worry about attracting each other to their own beliefs. Thus, people who can respect the existence of a god other than the one they believe in were able to adopt the principle of respect and tolerance among themselves. These humans generate a society that nobody sees himself superior or sanctified.
Those people who do not butcher the animals they eat, are emphatically against the war. They do slaughtering butchery jobs to their slaves, in order to preserve their sense of mercy in them. They recruit mercenaries with the gold they used to chain slaves and precious metals valued by other countries. In this way, they humiliate these mines, which people appreciate only for their infrequency and show us how ridiculous it is.
He says “finding citizens ruled by good and wholesome laws, that is an exceeding rare
and hard thing”. And we can estimate that Thomas More was uncomfortable with England of the period. That's probably why he created the utopia. He shows us a very harsh criticism of how human instinct of kindness emerged, when the law and the state are fair and how difficulties which are exacted people change them, make them doomed to break the law.
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