Regarding the traditional societies of medieval and early modern Europe, the most persuasive view now holds that homosexual behavior usually occurred between an "active" adult and a "passive" adolescent, and that most males who engaged in sex with other males probably also had sexual relations with females. Only in the eighteenth century, and then, it seems, above all in northwestern Europe (England, the Netherlands, and France), did this pattern gradually begin to be replaced by a new model. After 1700 adult males are frequently found having sex with other adult males, the rigid sexual roles of the past appear to have become more fluid, homosexuality was commonly associated with effeminacy, and distinctive subcul-tures developed.