Operating systems in abstract
An OS puts boundaries in place to ensure that programs are isolated from each other and from the OS, and to ensure that users who share a system are granted appropriate access. You can think of an operating system as a layer of code between hardware and applications
Some Software terms defined
To discuss software, I need to first introduce several terms. Instructions that tell a computer what to do are known as software; this contrasts with hardware, the physical elements of a computer. An ordered set of software instructions that accomplishes a task is called a program, and programming is the act of writing such programs.
The term application is sometimes used synonymously with program, although application tends to refer to a program that interacts directly with humans, rather than programs that interact with software or hardware. An application may also consist of multiple programs working together. The word app came into popular use around 2008, and tends to carry other connotations
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HDD and SSD
In modern computing devices, hard disk drives and solid-state drives are the most common secondary storage devices. A hard disk drive (HDD) stores data using magnetism on a rapidly spinning platter, whereas a solid-state drive (SSD) stores data using electrical charges in nonvolatile memory cells. Compared to HDDs, SSDs are faster, quieter, and more resistant to mechanical failure, since SSDs have no moving parts. Figure 7-12 is a photo of a couple of secondary storage devices.