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Tasavvuf ve Şamanizm Benzerliği
Although the Turkmen had been Muslims for centuries and lived far from the central Asian steppes, many of the traditions of the steppe remained alive. Ismail presented his authority in the idiom of the Turkmen. Sufism among the Turkmen had mimicked the shamanism of their central Asian past, in which charismatic individuals claimed direct personal connections with the divine. Ismail was a charismatic young man of striking physical appearance; his poetry articulated that connection.
Çaldıran Savaşı ile Safevi Yayılmacılığının Durması
The defeat at Chaldiran ended the first phase of Safavid history. Geographically, the Safavids lost only the province of Diyar Bakr, but the momentum of expansion was gone. Ismail, who had been a charismatic, aggressive leader, became passive. He never led his troops in battle again. Of the last ten years of his reign, there is little to report. The establishment phase of the Safavid Empire ended with a Qizilbash confederation ruling Azerbaijan, Iraq, western Iran, and Khurasan. It confronted the Ottomans in the west and Uzbeks in the east and was committed to Shii Islam as the religion of the general population.
Şah İsmail'in Babür Şah'a Yardımları
In 1511, Safavid forces assisted Babur in retaking Samarqand and Bukhara from the Uzbeks. When the Safavids then withdrew, the Uzbeks drove Babur off. Ismail sent another army to Babur’s assistance, but dissension among the Safavid commanders led to a rout when the allies met the Uzbek forces at Ghujduvan. Though Ismail later drove the Uzbeks out of Khurasan, which they occupied after the battle, Ghujduvan ended expansion of the Safavid Empire.
Ismail emerged from his exile in Gilan in the summer of 1499, at the age of twelve. The disorders within the Aqquyunlu realm had continued during this period and prevented an immediate response to Ismail’s reappearance. He rapidly attracted a huge following, including seven major tribes: the Ustajlu, Shamlu, Takkelu, Varsaq, Rumlu, Zul Qadr, Afshar, and Qajar. These tribes formed the Qizilbash confederation. He led these forces against the old enemy of his family, the Shirvanshah, and by the end of 1500 had killed Farrukhyasar and subjugated the rich province he had ruled. The Safavid order had become a principality. In 1501, Ismail’s forces occupied Tabriz, the Aqquyunlu capital and the most important commercial center of western Iran. Ismail then defeated a series of Aqquyunlu princes.
In 1509, Uzbek forces raided Kirman, which was Safavid territory.
Shah Ismail sent two embassies to Shaybani Khan to dissuade him from expansion westward; Shaybani Khan responded by demanding that Ismail
accept Uzbek (Chingiz Khanid) suzerainty and return to the spiritual vocation of a Sufi. Ismail then led Safavid forces into Khurasan, met Shaybani Khan’s forces at Marv, and defeated them decisively on December 2, 1510.
After 1530, Ismail’s son, Shah Tahmasp, gradually strengthened his position enough to manipulate, rather than be manipulated by, the tribes. After his death, however, the tribal chiefs again dominated the empire until the time of Abbas I (1588–1629). Abbas transformed the Safavid polity from a tribal confederation into a bureaucratic empire. The primacy of the bureaucracy, with the tribes present but peripheral, survived until the rapid collapse of the empire in 1722.