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As soon as the 1559 Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis ended hostilities between France and the Hapsburgs, Phillip II, who had taken the thrones of Spain and Naples on the abdication of his father, Charles V, in 1555, immediately organized a major naval expedition against the corsair base at the island of Jerba, off the coast of Tunisia. The Hapsburgs conquered the island, but in 1560 the Ottoman fleet under Piyale Pasha defeated the Hapsburg fleet there. In 1565, the Ottomans attempted to conquer Malta, which had become the base of the Knights of St. John after Sulayman drove them from Rhodes. The knights, under their grand master Jean Parisot de la Valette, won renown for the epic defense. The Ottomans withdrew before a relief force arrived.
Selim defeated another Turkmen uprising in Anatolia in 1520 and had
begun a campaign in Rumelia in 1520 when he died suddenly. In eight years,
he had transformed the Ottoman Empire from a peripheral into a central
power in the Islamic world, making it perhaps the most powerful empire in the world in his time. No other Ottoman ruler assembled a chain of great
victories comparable to his. His only son, Sulayman, succeeded him.
The Aqquyunlu ruler Uzun Hasan (r. 1467–1478) provides an excellent example. Uzun Hasan used the Turko-Mongol title bahadur (prince or monarch; literally, “hero”) and the Irano-Islamic title
padishah. He also claimed the Islamic title mujadid (renewer). This title
comes from a hadith in which the Prophet foresees that in every century a person will appear to renew Islam. Muslim writers have generally designated religious teachers, such as al-Ghazali, as mujadid, but Uzun Hasan was not the only post-Abbasid ruler to claim the title—Shah Rukh, Timur’s son and effective successor, did so as well—as it implied the intention to revivify Islam and Muslim institutions.