An ideal type is formed by the one-sided accentuation of one or more points of view and by the synthesis of a great many diffuse, discrete, more or less present and occasionally absent concrete individual phenomena, which are arranged according to those one-sidedly emphasized viewpoints into a unified and analytical construct (Gedankenbild). In its conceptual purity, this mental construct (Gedankenbild) cannot be found empirically anywhere in reality. It is a utopia. Historical research faces the task of determining in each individual case, the extent to which this ideal-construct approximates to or diverges from reality.
"But there is yet a further difference between those two old empires. While in the Islamic Empire there was no privileged nation, and power was made subservient to the propagation of an idea regarded by its torchbearers as the sublime religious truth, the idea underlying the Roman Empire was conquest of power and the exploitation of other
Circe is dull as a rock. Circe has less wit than bare ground. Circe’s hair is matted like a dog’s. If I have to hear that broken voice of hers once more. Of all our children, why must it be she who is left? No one else will have her.
The tax incidence: Shows who pays the tax and how the tax burden is shared among the buyers and sellers. It is not affected by whether the tax is levied on buyers or sellers.
The tax burden goes more heavily on the side of the market that is less price elastic / less flexible to changes in market conditions.
When the supply is more price-elastic than the demand, sellers are relatively more responsive to price changes, and the suplly curve is flatter than the demand curve. It also indicates that the buyers have relatively fewer alternatives, so they have to accept most of the price increase and hence the burden caused by the imposition of the tax.