As Hungary’s hold on the Adriatic weakened and the Ottomans drew ever nearer, many of the small cities on the Dalmatian coast that had once struggled so hard against Venice came to seek its protection. When the Ottomans in their turn were thrown into turmoil by civil war, the Republic prospered. Between 1380 and 1420 Venice doubled its land holdings – and almost as importantly its population.
Defending India and the empire thus also meant a strong diplomatic and naval British presence in the Near East where Russia or France, together or separately, might try to break up the Ottoman Empire and share out its provinces. Russia’s claim to protect the Ottomans’ Christian subjects, their forward base in the Caucasus, where they maintained a large army, and the tsars’ longstanding ambition to rule Constantinople (Tsargrad) and master the Straits, were a source of constant unease. Neither did the British forget Napoleon’s Egyptian invasion: all French interest in Egypt was viewed with suspicion.
Ottomans
Türklerin anavatanı, padişahın onları yolladığı yerdi, aslında bütün bu topraklar padişahın mülküydü, yasal anlamda Türklere ait değildi. Türklerin başka bir vatanı, üzerinde herhangi bir hak iddia edebilecekleri bir yurtları olmadığı gibi, böyle bir yurda sahip olma hakları da yoktu.
The first direct relations between the Indian Muslims and the Ottomans were established in the late fifteenth century.
Indian Muslims and the Ottomans (1877-1914)
A Study of Indo-Muslim Attitudes to Pan-İslamism ana Turkey
(Azmi ÖZCAN PhD Thesis, London Oct 1990)
It was the Republic’s policy never to make military alliances with the Ottomans, as the Genoese did, but neither were they in a position to act against them. Always distracted by other wars and by trading interests, and wary of unstable crusading alliances which could leave them dangerously exposed, they watched and waited.
II. Manuel Palaiologos
Manuel babası, ağabeyi ve ağabeyinin oğlu VII. Ioannes ile çekişmeler yaşamış, defalarca iç savaşa tanık olmuştur. 1376-1379 yılları arasında Andronikos tarafından babası ve erkek kardeşi Theodoros ile Anemas Zindanı’na kapatılmıştır. Ayrıca 1382’de babasının Andronikos’u tekrar veliaht ilan etmesi üzerine babasına isyan ederek, Selanik’e gitmiş,
Çaldıran Savaşı ile Safevi Yayılmacılığının Durması
The defeat at Chaldiran ended the first phase of Safavid history. Geographically, the Safavids lost only the province of Diyar Bakr, but the momentum of expansion was gone. Ismail, who had been a charismatic, aggressive leader, became passive. He never led his troops in battle again. Of the last ten years of his reign, there is little to report. The establishment phase of the Safavid Empire ended with a Qizilbash confederation ruling Azerbaijan, Iraq, western Iran, and Khurasan. It confronted the Ottomans in the west and Uzbeks in the east and was committed to Shii Islam as the religion of the general population.
Unlike earlier wars in Europe, the Long War produced no profit. The jalali disorders disrupted the economy of much of Anatolia. The timar army cost the central treasury almost nothing in cash; the central army and the sekban required cash payment, but the dwindling number of sipahis and the need for the larger armies that only the sekban could provide forced the Ottomans to alter the provincial financial, administrative, and military structure. They transferred much of the provincial revenue from timar holders to tax farmers and used the revenue to support sekban infantry rather than sipahi cavalry. This policy reflected not the military
obsolescence of the sipahis but their dwindling numbers, the need for
larger armies, and the interests of the qapiqullar.
At Lepanto the Ottomans now had a secure forward base on the edge of the Ionian Sea from which to conduct naval operations. During this tense time, Leonardo da Vinci arrived in the city to offer his services as a military engineer. He came with a head full of extraordinary schemes for the city’s defence – a diving suit of pig’s leather with bamboo pipes for air tubes, sketches for submarines . Whatever conversations took place came to nothing. (Two years later he was drawing up proposals to put to Sultan Bayezit for a single-span bridge across the Golden Horn.)
The Ottomans: “Hold my beer”
“İmparatorluk eleştirileri iki grupta toplanır:
• Birincisi, imparatorluklar iyi işlemez. Uzun vadede boyunduruk altına alınmış çok sayıda milleti etkili bir şekilde yönetmek mümkün değildir.”
Kolektif KitapKitabı okudu
