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What happens when one vomits?
One loses lots of acid from the stomach. If vomiting causes acid loss, an alkalosis will remain behind in the serum. This is because H loss leaves behind an excess HCO3 eventually makes it to the kidneys, and thus the tubule lumen has more negatively charged ions than usual. One way of compensating for that is secreting the positive ion K into the lumen. So vomiting can lead to increased loss of K in the urine, resulting in hypokalemia.
Sayfa 64
Red cells from the kidneys can occur in glomerulonephritis; red cells from the lower urinary tract can occur with urinary tract infection, nephrolithiasis (stones), hemorrhagic cystitis, or bladder cancer. White cells from the kidneys can occur in acute interstitial nephritis; white cells from the lower urinary tract can occur from infection, cystitis and urethritis.
Sayfa 52