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At that point a Christian civil servant named Ibn Sam’un, who lived in the town, intervened to help negotiate between the two sides. After some deliberation, the Rus’ agreed to a sum of twenty dirhams for each person’s ransom. Ibn Miskawayh reported that the more intelligent among the Muslims agreed, while others refused on the basis that this would imply they were worth the same as Christians.
Finally, having realised the money would not be forthcoming, Rus' resorted to a massacre. Nor did the women and boys get off lightly, being subjected to rape and enslavement.
An important part of the ceremony was that someone needed to accompany the dead chieftain into the afterlife. According to Ibn Fadlan’s account, a slave girl or concubine volunteered for the task and went through a long series of rituals as part of the event. Initially, she was treated relatively well, being given two attendants to look after her. She was described as merry and didn’t seem, at any point, to object to her treatment, in Fadlan’s description, in part probably because she was plied with alcohol and maybe drugs throughout the process.
Reportedly, the fortunes of the Rus’ whose first attack was so successful quickly turned: on their way back home they were caught in a storm and perished. As a consequence, an envoy was sent to Constantinople from one of the Rus’ian leaders requesting baptism, which the Byzantines were only too happy to help with.
Once it has formed during childhood, enamel remains unaltered and it’s even strong enough to stay intact in very poor conditions in the ground for thousands of years. For this reason, teeth are the bioarchaeologist’s best friend.
In Scandinavia boats were typically rowed until sometime in the eighth century and it was only when sails were introduced that open sea crossings finally became practical on a grand scale.
At times the debates have been extreme, especially on the side of the Normanists, with Adolf Hitler infamously stating: ‘Unless other peoples, beginning with the Vikings, had imported some rudiments of organisation into Russian humanity, the Russians would still be living like rabbits.’ With statements like this, it’s not difficult to understand the opposition to Viking connections and the dilemma for Slavic scholars forced to choose between a view crediting a superior, foreign people with creating their entire nation or an alternative story that is at odds with the written sources.