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A denial-of-service (DOS) attack can be used to crash a network server or web server by flooding it with false requests/communications. A DOS can cause a website to shut down or restrict access to a firm's information systems. (...)
A distributed denial-of-service (DDOS) attack floods the network by using numerous sources.
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From shareholders/owners to the board of directors and then on to managers, authority is delegated within the organizational hierarchy. The board of directors monitors corporate managers' activities and rewards them when they fulfill the shareholders' expectations. The board has the power to hire, fire, and discipline corporate management. Shareholders are represented by the chair of the board who has the most authority in an organization. The chair monitors and evaluates the way organizational resources are used through the executive committee. The executive committee consists of the most influential directors and top managers. The chair and other directors form the trusteeship; they act as trustees to protect the interest of the shareholders' and other stakeholders' interests.
The Top Management Hierarchy
I- Ownership (Shareholders)
II- Trusteeship (Board of Directors headed by the Chair of the Board)
III- Corporate Management (Chief Executive Officer, President/Chief Operating Officer, Vice-Presidents)
IV- Divisional Management (General Managers/Divisional Managers)
V- Functional Management (Functional Managers)
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Every year, 27,000 tropical forest species are becoming extinct. In other words, it is estimated that one species is extinct every 3 hours.
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Machine learning is based on the idea that systems can learn from large quantities of data (using training data sets) and improve from new experiences. They are used to identify patterns, trends and make decisions with minimal human assistance or intervention. Real world examples are online recommendations by Netflix and Amazon.
Neural networks are a set of algorithms, modelled loosely after the human brain. They can be trained to classify multimedia objects into known categories. Decision making processes in business areas can be made efficiently such as in real time fraud detection, targeted marketing and quality control.
Deep learning uses multiple layers of neural networks to reveal complex patterns in large amounts of data. Common neural networks and deep learning applications include computer vision, speech recognition, facial recognition and language translation.
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Misinformation is inaccurate or false information that is unintentionally created or spread while disinformation is false information that is deliberately created to deceive in order to influence public opinion or obscure the truth.
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