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Step 1: State null and alternate hypotheses.
Sayfa 50Kitabı okudu
Data are observed values of variables, for example, “53 years”, “$85”, “yes”, “Eskişehir”, “11 hours”, “B”, etc. Categorical variables have only a few possible values. The categories of nominal categorical variables have no inherent order (e.g., region of residence), whereas the categories of ordinal categorical variables do have an order (e.g., examination grade). Continuous variables have scales that can take on any value on some quantitative scale (e.g., age, gold price). Data values on continuous interval-scale variables are compared by taking differences, whereas values on continuous ratio-scale variables are compared by taking ratios, i.e. percentage increases or decreases. Text also constitutes data that can be statistically summarized and analysed.
Sayfa 14Kitabı okudu
Obviously, there is no single answer of which measures of center is the best. The mean is generally the most proper measure to use when the distribution is continuous and symmetrical, such as normally distributed data. The mean is also the most appropriate one to further statistical applications, especially for inferential purposes. However, for strongly skewed distributions, the median is the most representative one, especially for descriptive analysis. The mode is the most representative measure in nominal level data. For unimodal distributions, the mode, median, and mean would be equal.
Sayfa 98Kitabı okudu
Winsorized mean allows researcher to assign the possible outliers in the data to have a lower weight on the calculaton of the average. Remember in trimmed mean, extreme values are omitted from the calculations whereas in here extreme values are replaced by those next in magnitude. Once the replacement is made, the arithmetic mean of this new data set is calculated as Winsorized mean.
Sayfa 95Kitabı okudu
A pie chart is usually used for categorical data. (…) One disadvantage of pie charts is that it is not always easy to judge the angles. Especially if you rotate the pie chart horizontally or vertically, the perception of the size of a slice may be lost. A pie chart usually does not show the actual values, therefore, it may easily become a misleading chart.
Sayfa 57Kitabı okudu
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