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En Eski Jonathan A.C. Brown sözleri ve alıntılarını, en eski Jonathan A.C. Brown kitap alıntılarını, etkileyici sözleri 1000Kitap'ta bulabilirsiniz.
Argentina has a population that ranks among the most educated and skilled in Latin America, and its citizens have made major contributions to the world. Illiteracy scarcely exists among even the poor and working-class citizens, and Argentina’s middle class historically has been large and politically engaged.
The original inhabitants of the region that became modern Argentina were either agriculturists who had to supplement their diets with hunting and gathering or nomadic peoples who subsisted entirely on hunting and gathering. They may have numbered almost 1 million people in 1492, when Columbus arrived in the Caribbean. They lived dispersed over an area that now supports 41 million Argentines.
Today one might wonder why these indigenous peoples were so impoverished when they inhabited a land of such rich and now-proven agricultural potential. The answer lies in their lack of technological sophistication. Before the arrival of the Europeans, the native inhabitants used only Stone Age technology.
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The Spaniards had to settle the region through a long series of small conquests over the indigenous inhabitants, all the while developing a European-style commercial and agricultural base. They had to painstakingly defeat nearly each and every decentralized group in piecemeal fashion. The defeat of no one clan group resulted in the submission of their indigenous neighbors. Even then, several important native groups continued their successful resistance for nearly 400 years following the arrival of the first European.
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The historic Río de la Plata region includes the modern nations of Uruguay and Paraguay, as well as Argentina. For the entire period of the encounter and colonial era, the histories of these three countries were closely intertwined.
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Rich in silver and indigenous labor, Mexico and Peru formed the core of Spanish interest in the Indies for the next several centuries. The Río de la Plata had neither of these riches so coveted by the colonists. Rather, the natives lived in decentralized agricultural or hunting groups, and they had no precious metals to offer the Spaniards. For complete settlement and domination settlers had to laboriously defeat the indigenous peoples one group at a time in a process that took centuries. Spaniards wishing to be supported as great lords could not easily capture the labor and services of the Charrúa and Querandí. The Spaniards therefore never conquered the Río de la Plata; they settled it.
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Nearly all the great cities of today’s Latin America had been established between 1492 and the second founding of Buenos Aires in 1580. Thus, the conquest phase in Spanish America ended at Buenos Aires, 88 years and 4,000 miles from the scene of Columbus’s original contact. It was, however, only the beginning of a 300-year struggle for Argentina between the land’s tenacious first inhabitants and the European interlopers.
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In 1816, representatives from all the Argentine provinces assembled in Tucumán and declared themselves independent of Spain, forming a nation they called the United Provinces of the River Plate; however, peace and tranquility did not return to the war-ravaged region. The hastily written constitution for Argentina established a national congress, states’ rights, an anemic executive branch (with a “director” at its helm), and an even weaker judiciary. Everyone ignored it.
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If a young Argentine had left the country in 1870 and returned 35 years later, he or she would have been amazed by how radically national life had changed. The indigenous peoples had been eliminated from the frontier regions, and gringo farmers harvested wheat where once only cattle had roamed. More than 1 million people lived in the capital, and one out of every three porteños was foreign-born. The skyline and modern port facilities revealed few traces of the colonial origins of Buenos Aires. The tree-lined paved avenues looked like Paris.
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The growth of the state’s power to regulate the foreign interests, of course, opened up new forms of corruption.
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This was not the economic program that Argentina had expected from the populist campaigner (neoliberal). Pundits began to joke that the Menem had accomplished more de-Peronization in two years than the military had in 20 years of rule.
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