“…glance upon the political situation in Turkey at the beginning of 1915 and the historical causes which had produced it: since the war represented for that nation a gamble in which she was risking everything, including her independence. The Ottoman Empire was without question the most important ally that Germany had during the World War. This is an incontestable fact which the Germans themselves are the first to recognize. While the Austrians openly pleaded for peace, and the Bulgarians kept up a continual complaint because of the constant decrease in rations, the Turkish soldier, often with no other nourishment than a crust of bread or a handful of olives, kept on bleeding and dying of starvation among the snows of the Caucasus and the sands of the desert without ever letting a complaint or a whisper of dismay cross his livid, fever-paled lips. There can be no doubt that the Turk, in spite of all his defects, is the first soldier, and the first gentleman of the Orient. Had Turkey not elected war, the situation of Germany would have been difficult in the extreme: for if the Russians, who had invaded Eastern Prussia, and the Serbs who were advancing on Hungary, had joined forces with the Romanians, Greeks, Bulgars, and Italians, Austria would have been destroyed bit by bit upon the march; and Germany would have found herself obliged from the beginning to conduct a defensive campaign after the manner of the Seven Years War of Frederick the Great. If Russia had had at her disposition the free passage of the Dardanelles, she could have imported easily all the war-material of which she was in need; and Bolshevism would never have come into existence, since the Russian armies, if provided with ammunition and provisions, would have had no temptation to yield to anarch. Had