Dictatorship and Decline
Many historians and citizens criticize Abdulhamid II’s reign for:
Authoritarianism: The 1878 suspension of the constitution and parliament, ruling via censorship and spies
Heavy surveillance and suppression of dissent (especially against reformists)
Massive territorial losses, such as:
Cyprus (to Britain, 1878)
Tunisia (to France, 1881)
Egypt (to Britain, 1882)
Kars, Ardahan, Batumi (to Russia, 1878)
Later, under his weakening rule, increasing control lost in the Balkans
Blocking of internal reform movements, such as those led by the Young Turks
So, it’s valid to see his legacy as mixed or even damaging depending on your historical lens.
How to Think About It Historically
Both views can be partially valid — here's a neutral framing:
Positive Legacy Negative Legacy