The king who made most use of the Church was
Alfred, the great king who ruled Wessex from 871-
899. He used the Iirerate men of rhe Church to
help establish a system of law, to educate the
people and to write down important matters. He
started the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the most
important source, together with Bede's Ecclesiastical
History of the English People, for understanding the
period.
The ending -ing
meant folk or family, thus "Reading" is the place of
the family of Rada, "Hastings" of the family of
Hasta. Ham means farm, ton means settlement.
Birmingham, Nottingham or Southampton, for
example, are Saxon place-names. Because the
Anglo-Saxon kings often established settlements, Kingston is a frequent place-name.
During the Celtic period women may have had
more independence than they had again for
hundreds of years. When the Romans invaded
Britain two of the largest tribes were ruled by
women who fought from their chariots. The most
powerful Celt to stand up to the Romans was a
woman, Boadicea. She had become queen of her
tribe when her husband had died. She was tall,
with long red hair, and had a frightening
appearance. In AD 61 she led her tribe against the
Romans. She nearly drove them from Britain, and
she destroyed London, the Roman capital, before
she was defeated and killed. Roman writers
commented on the courage and strength of women
in battle, and leave an impression of a measure of
equality between the sexes among the richer Celts.
The Romans brought the skills of reading and
writing to Britain. The written word was important
for spreading ideas and also for estab lishing power.
As early as AD 80, as one Roman at the time noted,
the governor Agricola "trained the sons of chiefs in
the liberal arts .. . the result was that the people
who used to reject Latin began to use it in speech
and writing. Further the wearing of our national
dress came to be valued and the toga [the Roman
cloak] came into fashion.
The Romans could not conquer "Caledonia", as
they called Scotland, although they spent over a
century trying to do so. At last they built a strong
wall along the northern border, named after the Emperor Hadrian who planned it. At the time, Hadrian's wall was simply intended to keep out
raiders from the north. But it also marked the
border between the two later countries, England
and Scotland.
Mustafa Kemal
Büyük Millet Meclisine:
bu sınırlar içinde tek bir ulus olduğunu düşünmeyin. Bu sınırların içinde Türkler, Çerkezler ve çeşitli Müslüman unsurlar bulunmaktadır. Bu çıkarları ve amaçları bütünüyle birleşmiş kardeş ulusların ulusal sınırıdır... bu sınırı belirleyen madde bizim çok büyük bir ilkemizdir: Bu, anayurdun sınırları içinde yaşayan her bir İslami unsurun tüm ırkını, geleneğini ve yaşam alanını tüm dürüstlüğü ile tanıyan ve karşılıklı olarak kabul eden bir ilkedir. Bu geleneğe ait hiçbir ayrıntı ve açıklama olmaması doğaldır, çünkü ayrıntıları anlatma ve açıklamalar yapmanın zamanı değildir. Allah’ın rızasıyla, varlığımızı kurtardıktan sonra bu kardeşler arasında çözülecek ve halledilecektir.
Sayfa 260Kitabı okudu
The Anglo-Saxon migrations gave the
larger part of Britain its new name, England, "the
land of the Angles".
At first the Germanic
tribes only raided Britain , but after AD 430 they
began to settle. The newcomers were warlike and
illiterate. We owe our knowledge of this period
mainly to an English monk named Bede, who lived
three hundred years later. His story of events in his
Ecclesiastical History of the English People has been
proved generally correct by archaeological
evidence.
It was not until a century late that one of these
kings, King Offa of Mercia (757-96) , claimed
"kingship of the English". He had good reason to do so. He was powerful enough to employ thousands of men to build a huge dyke, or earth wall,
the length of the Welsh border to keep out the
troublesome Celts. But although he was the most
powerful king of his time, he did not control all of
England.
The British Celts fought the raiders and settlers
from Germany as well as they could. However,
during the next hundred years they were slowly
pushed westwards until by 570 they were forced west of Gloucester. Finally most were driven into
the mountains in the far west, which the Saxons
called "Weallas", or "Wales", meaning "the land of
the foreigners"
Some Celts stayed behind, and
many became slaves of the Saxons. Hardly anything
is left of Celtic language or culture in England,
except for the names of some rivers, Thames,
Mersey, Severn and Avon , and two large cities,
London and Leeds.
The name "Britain" comes from the word "Pretani ", the Greco-Roman word for the
inhabitants of Britain. The Romans mispronounced
the word and called the island "Britannia".
From this time, too, power seems to have shifted to
the Thames valley and southeast Britain. Except for
short periods, political and economic power has
remained in the southeast ever since. Hill-forts
replaced henges as the centres of local power, and
most of these were found in the southeast,
suggesting that the land successfully supported more
people here than elsewhere.
There was another reason for the shift of power
eastwards. A number of better-designed bronze
swords have been found in the Thames valley,
suggesting th at the local people had more advanced
metalworking skills. Many of these swords have
been found in river beds, almost certainly thrown
in for religious reasons. This custom may be the
origin of the story of the legendary King Arrhur's
sword, which was given to him from out of the
water and which was thrown back into the water
when he died.