COERCIVE PERSUASION - Self-Persuasion and the Reduction of Dissonance
When a follower shows unexpected resistance, set off by too great a discordance between his former state and the future state suggested by the cult, he has to be convinced that the proposed product makes sense and he must be allowed to reestablish his equilibrium, before a new, more powerful attack can be carried out. This new offensive will take advantage of the relaxation of the defenses that were stimulated by the earlier attack. The subject is convinced that his opinions are respected, while the
new tack is only a strategic prelude to a new offensive.
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COERCIVE PERSUASION - Coercive Techniques of Persuasion
Behavioral techniques modify the individual’s relations with his surroundings and aim at controlling the follower’s interactions with the former relational system. They limit the information coming from society, the family or the pre-cult socio-professional environment. All the individual’s vital statistics are rearranged and every field of his
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Equilibrium is a situation in which the supply and demand equals to each other.
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In a competitive market, equilibrium prices and quantities characterize the so called Pareto-efficient matching which represents the best outcome for both buyers and sellers under the relevant constraints they face. It is the best outcome in the sense of maximizing the welfare of both the consumer and the producer under given conditions.
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As we know, the equilibrium may be moved by any "outside disturbance". In the case of demand and supply, this would be a change in one of the determinants of demand or supply, other than the price of the product, which would lead to a shift of either one of the curves.
Supply Curve (R) + Demand Curve (R) = Equilibrium Price (Uncertain), Equilibrium Quantity (+)
SC (R) + DC (L) = EP (-), EQ (U)
SC (L) + DC (R) = EP (+), EQ (U)
SC (L) + DC (L) = EP (U), EQ (-)
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Resource Allocation: Scarce resources are allocated in response to changes in price. If there is an increase in the price of a good (...) then this signals to producers that consumers wish to buy this good at greater amounts. This will lead to an upward shift in the demand curve and raise the equilibrium price. As producers are rational and wish to maximize their profits, the higher price will provide the incentive needed to convince producers to produce more of the good.
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Individuals maximizing utility subject to their budget constraint attain the highest possible level of utility at a point of tangency between their budget constraint and an indifference curve. (...) A consumer optimum occurs at the point where the highest indifference curve and the budget constraint are tangent.
Maximum utility bundle:
1. Equimarginal/Marginal Principle:
- 0 = MUx.(∆X) + MUy.(∆Y)
- MRS(x,y) = MUx/MUy
2. All income is spent.
//When consumers maximize their satisfaction/utility:
- MRS(x,y) = Px/Py
- MUx / MUy = Px/Py
When the two conditions above are satisfied, a state of consumer equilibrium is said to occur. This is an equilibrium because the individual consumer has no reason to change the mix of goods and services consumed once this outcome is achieved.
A corner solution exists in a situation in which the budget line reaches the highest achieable indifference curve along an axis (the vertical axis). (...) In non-technical terms, a corner is available when the chooser is either unwilling or unable to make a tradeoff. It holds true if there is a higher preference vs. a lower substitution between two goods.
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The rational consumer will choose to in equilibrium to allocate his or her income between two goods (X and Y) at the point that the MRS x for y = Px / Py.
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If we hold commodity prices constant, each level of money income results in an equilibrium market basket for the consumer. This analysis gives us the income-consumption curve.
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The market equilibrium wage and the quantity is determined by the labor supply and demand.
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Efficiency is the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by the society. The equilibrium in free markets is efficient because:
i) The equilibrium quantity output maximizes total surplus received by all members of the society.
ii) The goods are produced by the producers with the lowest cost.
iii) The goods are consumed by the buyers who value them most highly.
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Effects of taxation on the market:
1) Taxes create a wedge between the price that buyers pay and the price that the sellers receive. The wedge is equal to the tax.
2) The price that the buyers pay rises and the price that the sellers receive falls.
3) Taxation reduces the market size by reducing the equilibrium quantity, creating a dead-weight loss for the market.
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In the equilibrium of market efficiency, the quantity output maximizes total surplus received by all the members of society, the goods are produced by the producers with the lowest cost, the goods are consumed by the buyers who value them most highly.
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Nash Equilibrium represents a situation among the interacting firms that each firm choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other firms have already choosen.
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