If you gently heat up a sample of protein, the extra energy causes the tightly bound protein molecules to unravel. If you then allow them to cool down again, the proteins curl themselves back into the previous shape. This is quite startling, as the long chain molecules have no memory of their initial shape, and it is only the push and pull of the electrons and nuclei that can guide them into position. We don’t really know how they manage it; this ‘protein-folding problem’ remains one of the major outstanding problems of modern science.