Tuğulka: "The Carolingian Empire began to disintegrate soon after Charlemagne’s death. Charlemagne was succeeded by his son Louis the Pious (814--840). Though a decent man, Louis was not a strong ruler and was unable to control either the Frankish aristocracy or his own four sons, who fought continually. In 843, after their father’s death, the three surviving brothers signed the Treaty of Verdun. This agreement divided the Carolingian Empire among them into three major sections: Charles the Bald (843--877) obtained the western Frankish lands, which formed the core of the eventual kingdom of France; Louis the German (843--876) took the eastern lands, which became Germany; and Lothar (840--855) received the title of emperor and a ‘‘Middle Kingdom’’ extending from the North Sea to the Mediterranean, including the Netherlands, the Rhineland, and northern Italy. The territories of the Middle Kingdom became a source of incessant struggle between the other two Frankish rulers and their heirs. Indeed, France and Germany would fight over the territories of this Middle Kingdom for centuries." "Although this division of the Carolingian Empire was made for political and not nationalistic reasons (dividing a kingdom among the male heirs was a traditional Frankish custom), two different cultures began to emerge. By the ninth century, inhabitants of the western Frankish area were speaking a Romance language derived from Latin that became French. Eastern Franks spoke a Germanic dialect. The later kingdoms of France and Germany did not yet exist, however." Jackson J. Spielvogel, Western Civilization

"The Carolingian Empire began to disintegrate soon after Charlemagne’s death. Charlemagne was succeeded by his son Louis the Pious (814--840). Though a decent man, Louis was not a strong ruler and was unable to control either the Frankish aristocracy or his own four sons, who fought continually. In 843, after their father’s death, the three surviving brothers signed the Treaty of Verdun. This agreement divided the Carolingian Empire among them into three major sections: Charles the Bald (843--877) obtained the western Frankish lands, which formed the core of the eventual kingdom of France; Louis the German (843--876) took the eastern lands, which became Germany; and Lothar (840--855) received the title of emperor and a ‘‘Middle Kingdom’’ extending from the North Sea to the Mediterranean, including the Netherlands, the Rhineland, and northern Italy. The territories of the Middle Kingdom became a source of incessant struggle between the other two Frankish rulers and their heirs. Indeed, France and Germany would fight over the territories of this Middle Kingdom for centuries." "Although this division of the Carolingian Empire was made for political and not nationalistic reasons (dividing a kingdom among the male heirs was a traditional Frankish custom), two different cultures began to emerge. By the ninth century, inhabitants of the western Frankish area were speaking a Romance language derived from Latin that became French. Eastern Franks spoke a Germanic dialect. The later kingdoms of France and Germany did not yet exist, however." Jackson J. Spielvogel, Western Civilization

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