As we know, the heart-slowing reflex triggered by states of high arousal, such as fear, pain, or distress, is a core feature of vasovagal fainting in human beings. Alarm bradycardia has protected animals across all classes of vertebrates, and persists in us today precisely because its protective power is so deeply embedded into the autonomic nervous system, which has been passed down from our ancient water-dwelling ancestors. This hypothesis connects the acutely slowing heart of a hunted fish in the water to a human fainter in the ER.