Ömer E.: "Hidden variables": Hidden variables But Bell’s theorem implies that any such theory requires “action at a distance”—a measurement at one location can instantly affect the state of the universe arbitrarily far away. This seems to be in violation of the spirit if not the letter of the theory of relativity, which says that objects and influences cannot propagate faster than the speed of light. The hidden-variable approach is still being actively pursued, but all known attempts along these lines are ungainly and hard to reconcile with modern theories such as the Standard Model of particle physics, not to mention speculative ideas about quantum gravity, as we’ll discuss later. Perhaps this is why Einstein, the pioneer of relativity, never found a satisfactory theory of his own.

But Bell’s theorem implies that any such theory requires “action at a distance”—a measurement at one location can instantly affect the state of the universe arbitrarily far away. This seems to be in violation of the spirit if not the letter of the theory of relativity, which says that objects and influences cannot propagate faster than the speed of light. The hidden-variable approach is still being actively pursued, but all known attempts along these lines are ungainly and hard to reconcile with modern theories such as the Standard Model of particle physics, not to mention speculative ideas about quantum gravity, as we’ll discuss later. Perhaps this is why Einstein, the pioneer of relativity, never found a satisfactory theory of his own.

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Ömer E.