Warrant for Genocide Gönderileri
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Furthermore, Lynch injects a caveat about the statistical meaning of the category of "Muslim," suggesting that multitudes of Christians who voluntarily or forcibly converted to Islam retained their loyalty to their ethnic origin. Here is his observations on this point:
"... Just as in the northern zone of peripheral mountains
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The statement was made to American ambassador Morgenthau, who recounted it thus in his postwar memoirs: "Talaat explained his national policy: these different blocs in the Turkish Empire, he said, had always conspired against Turkey; because of the hostility of these native populations, Turkey had lost province after province - Greece, Serbia, Rumania, Bulgaria, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Egypt and Tripoli. In this way the Turkish Empire had dwindled almost to the vanishing point. If what was left of Turkey was to survive, added Talaat, he must get rid of these alien peoples. 'Turkey fo the Turks' was now Talaat's controlling idea."[40] It should be noted here parenthetically that at this new phase of Turkish nationalism not even Muslim nationalities were spared this treatment, as evidenced in the cases of the Ittihadist oppression of the Albanians and the Arabs.
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40. Henry Morgenthau, Ambassador Morgenthau's Story (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page and Co., 1918), p. 51.
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When these gendarmes finally took up positions in areas heavily populated by Armenians, British Colonel Hawker, Inspector of Gendarmerie in Turkey, in his report of 31 October 1913 wrote: "Lately about 800 gendarmes from Macedonia have been to these vilayets - Sivas, Harput, Mush, Khinis, mostly Van - but many complaints were made.... The transferring of the Macedonian gendarmes to these vilayets is almost a negative measure and more likely to do harm than good."[30]
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30. FO [n.36], folio 17.
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Pursuant to the provisions of a new Provincial Administration Law, an entirely new gendarme organization was established, and what is most significant, its control, then subject to the authority of the War Ministry, reverted to Talât's Interior Ministry.[28]
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28. The Shaws, History of the Ottoman Empire [n.22] p. 306. The Law had entered on force on 15 March 1913.
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Attached to the same communication is a cable from Van, 30 August(12 September) 1913 declaring that "the Rumeli (Balkan) gendarmes are continually threatening the Armenian population." Around the same time another report from Karakilise in Bayazid sancak in eastern Turkey states that "the local police chief and his cronies from Rumeli are perpetrating sexual crimes against young girls which they didn't even commit in the ancient regime [of Abdul Hamit]. Under the guise of searching for deserters, pretending to ascertain the sex of children and women every day the honor of Armenian families is violated."[26] As Toynbee summed up the picture, "the arrival of the Rumelian refugees from the end of 1912 onwards produced an unexampled tension of feeling in Anatolia and a desire for revenge."
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26. FO 195/2450-45/5. 28 August 1913, 45/6 and folio 40.
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Captured along with General Yaver were 10,000 soldiers, three colonels and 242 officers of the First Army Corps. [5] When surrendering his sword as part of the military protocol, General Yaver was both surprised and dismayed to see Antranik, the Armenian folk hero, in the position of the victor receiving that sword. He is reported to have retorted bitterly, "Had I known that you were my opponent, I would have fought to the bitter end and never would have surrendered." Upon hearing these words, Antranik gallantly returns the sword. [6] Apprehensive that is irregular forces the Armenian volunteers could ignore the standard rule of respecting the inviolability of military prisoners and act mercilessly against them, Yaver Paşa requested that their transportation to Berecik as a way-station to captivity in Bulgaria proper be hanlded by the regular forces of the Bulgarian army.[7] When asked as to why he surrendered with so many forces and canons at his disposal, General Yaver is reported to have exclaimed: "The see in the rear, the swines [the volunteers] in front; what can I do?" (Dalda deniz, kapakda domuz. Ne yapayım?).[8]
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5. Suni, Haigagan Vashdu, [n.1], pp. 145-7; Arsen Marmarian (pen-name of Vahan Totoventz) Zoravar Antranig yev eer Baderazmneru (General Antranik and his wars) (Istanbul, 1920), p. 226.
6. Panper Hayasdanee Archivneree (Bulletin of Armenia's Archives, Yerevan) vol. 1, no. 10 (1965), p. 9.
7. Antranik Tchelebian, Zoravar Antranik (Genral Antranik) (Yerevan, Arevig, 1990), p. 267.
8. Ibid.
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