Yakuza: Japan's Criminal Underworld
David E. KaplanYakuza: Japan's Criminal Underworld Gönderileri
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In the early 1980s, there emerged the interiyakuza, the so-called intellectual gangsters: white-collar crooks, financial racketeers, and the overlapping groups of sokaiya. Then came the keizai yakuza, the economic gangsters, which pushed the gangs far deeper into corporate Japan than few thought possible. Billions of dollars fell into the hands of the yakuza, in what must be one of history's greatest transfers of wealth to organized crime.
As awareness of yakuza spread to the New York Police Department in the early 1980s, the local cops had a hard time keeping track of Japanese mobsters there. Said one Chinese American officer in a heavy New York accent, "There's only one Japanese American on the whole force, and he doesn't speak Japanese."
For two hundred years, the Japanese conducted a remarkable social experiment by banning all firearms on the islands. It began in the early seventeenth century, largely as a reaction to the cold-bloodedness of combat with firearms, and as a gesture of commitment to the sword, an enduring symbol of honor and stature in Japan. It was also an expeditious way to maintain power in the central government.
Japan's gunsmiths were summoned to a single city in 1642, forced to work for a government monopoly, and slowly starved out of business. Japan's feudal rulers impounded massive numbers of firearms, and for the next two hundred years the development of modern weaponry virtually stopped.
Thanks to a combination of high quality, availability, and minimal legal encumbrances, American firearms are sought and acquired by the Japanese. The distributors, and in this case the customers, of the product are primarily the yakuza. Americans have competition from various foreign producers, but they are by far the yakuza's largest single source of weaponry - providing one-third of all handguns seized between 1994 and 1998. This is twice the amount provided by the nearest rival source, China.
The United States is, in effect, arming the Japanese underworld.
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Because of economic competition from Japan, many Americans had begun to blame Asians -any Asians- for their problems. In 1982, for instance, two disgruntled and intoxicated auto workers in the Detroit area attacked a bachelor party of Chinese Americans, killing the prospective bridegroom with a baseball bat. The assailants' defense hinged in part on their having mistaken the victims for Japanese, and the court handed down extremely lenient sentences.
The actual procedure is to take ... what they in Japanese yakuza call little silver knife-on a table and you pull it towards you and bend over and your body weight will snap your finger off.... The finger that is severed is put in a small bottle with alcohol and your name is written on and it is sent to whoever you're repenting to as a sign that you are sorry.
The excesses of Japan's Bubble Economy hit Hawaii with full force. Across the islands, money was talking, and it was speaking Japanese. On beaches, hillsides, shopping malls, and other valued properties, the Japanese were buying, building, or otherwise doing business. By 1989, Japanese investors owned all but one of the seafront hotels in Waikiki.
Japanese have been migrating in large numbers to Brazil since the 1930s, when many went to work as agricultural laborers. After the end of World War II, a huge wave of immigrants arrived many of them former soldiers who, once repatriated to Japan, left their wartorn homeland to seek a new life abroad. As a result, today there are over 1 million ethnic Japanese living in South America. More than three quarters of them live in Brazil, making it the largest Japanese settlement outside of Japan.
Perhaps no development has changed the face of global organized crime more than the rise of the Russian Mafia. From the rubble of the Soviet empire has sprung a far-reaching criminal class comprised of several thousand gangs, whose influence extends from major banks and businesses to the ruling councils of former Soviet republics. They have played key roles in stripping those countries of billions of dollars in currency, precious metal, natural resources, and more.
And it is not only the Russians at work, but a panoply of violent ethnic gangs: Georgians, Chechens, Ukrainians, and more. Former KGB and police agents are behind many of the gangs.