En Eski David McDowall Sözleri ve Alıntıları
En Eski David McDowall sözleri ve alıntılarını, en eski David McDowall kitap alıntılarını, etkileyici sözleri 1000Kitap'ta bulabilirsiniz.
Araplardan Gürcülere kadar bak,Kürtler burçlar gibi olmuşlardır.Türkler ve Farslar onlarla çevrilmiştir.Dört bir köşede Kürtler vardır.Her iki taraf da Kürt halkını Kaderin oklarının hedefi haline getirmiştir.Yenilmesi güç bir siper oluşturan her bir aşiretin Sınırlar için çok önemli olduğu söylenmektedir
Sayfa 36
At moments of great danger Britain has been saved
from danger by its surrounding seas. Britain's
history and its strong national sense have been
shaped by the sea.
Around 700 BC, another group of people began to
arrive. Many of them were tall, and had fair or red hair and blue eyes. These were the Celts, who
probably came from central Europe or further east,
from southern Russia, and had moved slowly
westwards in earlier centuries. The Celts were
technically advanced.
From this time, too, power seems to have shifted to
the Thames valley and southeast Britain. Except for
short periods, political and economic power has
remained in the southeast ever since. Hill-forts
replaced henges as the centres of local power, and
most of these were found in the southeast,
suggesting that the land successfully supported more
people here than elsewhere.
There was another reason for the shift of power
eastwards. A number of better-designed bronze
swords have been found in the Thames valley,
suggesting th at the local people had more advanced
metalworking skills. Many of these swords have
been found in river beds, almost certainly thrown
in for religious reasons. This custom may be the
origin of the story of the legendary King Arrhur's
sword, which was given to him from out of the
water and which was thrown back into the water
when he died.
During the Celtic period women may have had
more independence than they had again for
hundreds of years. When the Romans invaded
Britain two of the largest tribes were ruled by
women who fought from their chariots. The most
powerful Celt to stand up to the Romans was a
woman, Boadicea. She had become queen of her
tribe when her husband had died. She was tall,
with long red hair, and had a frightening
appearance. In AD 61 she led her tribe against the
Romans. She nearly drove them from Britain, and
she destroyed London, the Roman capital, before
she was defeated and killed. Roman writers
commented on the courage and strength of women
in battle, and leave an impression of a measure of
equality between the sexes among the richer Celts.
The name "Britain" comes from the word "Pretani ", the Greco-Roman word for the
inhabitants of Britain. The Romans mispronounced
the word and called the island "Britannia".
The Romans had invaded because the Celts of
Britain were working with the Celts of Gaul against
them. The British Celts were giving them food, and
allowing them to hide in Britain. There was
another reason . The Celts used cattle to pull their
ploughs and this meant that richer, heavier land
could be farmed. Under the Celts Britain had
become an important food producer because of its
mild climate. It now exported corn and animals, as
well as hunting dogs and slaves, to the European
mainland. The Romans could make use of British
food for their own army fighting the Gauls.
The Romans brought the skills of reading and
writing to Britain. The written word was important
for spreading ideas and also for estab lishing power.
As early as AD 80, as one Roman at the time noted,
the governor Agricola "trained the sons of chiefs in
the liberal arts .. . the result was that the people
who used to reject Latin began to use it in speech
and writing. Further the wearing of our national
dress came to be valued and the toga [the Roman
cloak] came into fashion.
The Romans could not conquer "Caledonia", as
they called Scotland, although they spent over a
century trying to do so. At last they built a strong
wall along the northern border, named after the Emperor Hadrian who planned it. At the time, Hadrian's wall was simply intended to keep out
raiders from the north. But it also marked the
border between the two later countries, England
and Scotland.
The strength of Anglo-Saxon culture is obvious
even today. Days of the week were named after
Germanic gods: Tig (Tuesday), Wodin
(Wednesday), Thor (Thursday), Frei (Friday)
Some Celts stayed behind, and
many became slaves of the Saxons. Hardly anything
is left of Celtic language or culture in England,
except for the names of some rivers, Thames,
Mersey, Severn and Avon , and two large cities,
London and Leeds.
At first the Germanic
tribes only raided Britain , but after AD 430 they
began to settle. The newcomers were warlike and
illiterate. We owe our knowledge of this period
mainly to an English monk named Bede, who lived
three hundred years later. His story of events in his
Ecclesiastical History of the English People has been
proved generally correct by archaeological
evidence.
The Anglo-Saxon migrations gave the
larger part of Britain its new name, England, "the
land of the Angles".
The British Celts fought the raiders and settlers
from Germany as well as they could. However,
during the next hundred years they were slowly
pushed westwards until by 570 they were forced west of Gloucester. Finally most were driven into
the mountains in the far west, which the Saxons
called "Weallas", or "Wales", meaning "the land of
the foreigners"
The ending -ing
meant folk or family, thus "Reading" is the place of
the family of Rada, "Hastings" of the family of
Hasta. Ham means farm, ton means settlement.
Birmingham, Nottingham or Southampton, for
example, are Saxon place-names. Because the
Anglo-Saxon kings often established settlements, Kingston is a frequent place-name.