Hakkında
Gareth John Darwin CBE FBA, İngiliz İmparatorluğu tarihinde uzmanlaşmış bir İngiliz tarihçi ve akademisyendir. 1984'ten 2019'a kadar Oxford Üniversitesi'nde Commonwealth Tarihinde Beit Öğretim Üyesi ve Oxford'daki Nuffield Koleji Üyesi olarak görev yaptı.
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Tarihçi
Doğum:
Exeter, Devon, Birleşik Krallık, 29 Haziran 1948
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The contrast between India and the world of settler self-government could not have been greater. In India, British officials appointed from home exercised executive power, unrestrained (before 1909) by any real element of representative government. The right to local self-rule, successfully claimed by settler societies, was explicitly denied. Instead, the so-called ‘Civilians’ of the Indian Civil Service formed an administrative oligarchy.
Japan was now the third largest naval power – a thought that caused shudders in Canberra and Wellington. But the idea that Japan would risk a conflict with the ‘Anglo-Saxon’ powers was dismissed by Winston Churchill, then Chancellor of the Exchequer, as a transparent ruse by ship-hungry British admirals. ‘Why should there be a war with Japan?’ he asked in December 1924. ‘I do not believe there is the slightest chance of it in my lifetime.’
In the desperate circumstances of 1942, the British had promised independence at the end of the war. They jailed thousands of activists to crush the ‘Quit India’ uprising in August 1942. But they lost control of India’s politics and lacked both the strength and the will to reassert their authority at the coming of peace.
Closely watched at Canton, the Company dared not sell opium under the nose of the Chinese authorities. But it could sell it in India to the country traders who would ship it to China and arrange for its sale. A great commercial operation now cranked into action.
The disparity in firepower was often overwhelming, producing a staggering disproportion in casualties. At Omdurman in September 1898, Kitchener’s mixed force of British and Egyptians lost forty-eight killed: his Mahdist opponents at least 10,000.
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