Mehmet Akif Çetin: The theory most totally opposed to Plato’s is called Nominalism. The l4th- century medieval philosopher William of Ockham is usually credited for invent- ing the theory, and modern philosophies such as Empiricism, Pragmatism, Marxism, and Positivism have embraced it and made it popular. Nominalism claims that universals are only names (nomini) that we use as a kind of short- hand. Instead of giving each individual tree a separate proper name, we group together, for our own convenience, under the one vague name “tree,” all those things that resemble each other in certain ways (e.g. having trunks and branch- es and leaves). But in reality, all trees are different, not the same; not one-in- many (“uni-versal”), but only many.

The theory most totally opposed to Plato’s is called Nominalism. The l4th- century medieval philosopher William of Ockham is usually credited for invent- ing the theory, and modern philosophies such as Empiricism, Pragmatism, Marxism, and Positivism have embraced it and made it popular. Nominalism claims that universals are only names (nomini) that we use as a kind of short- hand. Instead of giving each individual tree a separate proper name, we group together, for our own convenience, under the one vague name “tree,” all those things that resemble each other in certain ways (e.g. having trunks and branch- es and leaves). But in reality, all trees are different, not the same; not one-in- many (“uni-versal”), but only many.

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Socratic Logic Peter Kreeft

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Mehmet Akif Çetin