‘Zarakol's Before the West successfully challenges Eurocentrism not by running into its opposite, Sinocentrism, but by examining Asia and its interconnectedness to the rest of Eurasia. Against Sinocentric works that treat Mongols as ‘barbarians', the author puts the Mongol empire at the center of analysis and underscores the high degree of centralization in the Chinggisid sovereignty model. Zarakol vividly demonstrates how ‘Asia was first made whole' by Genghis Khan's world conquest. She makes the provocative argument that the supposedly Chinese Ming emperors who overthrew the Mongol Yuan dynasty were in fact ‘Chinggisid sovereigns', along with the contemporary Timurids in West Asia. This book is a gem in the genre of Global IR and macro-historical comparison.' Victoria Hui, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Notre Dame
‘In this imaginative and iconoclastic book, Ayşe Zarakol turns some major received wisdoms of academic international relations on their head. Well before the modern world order was shaped by a rising West, the great empires of the East had formed world orders of their own, equally based on territorial sovereignty and universalistic in their aspirations. Charting the historical trajectories of these orders across five centuries, Zarakol encourages us to revise our standard accounts of the international system and especially those of the rise and decline of world orders. As such, this book is an invaluable contribution to the study of international relations in a global context.’ Jens Bartelson, Lund University
‘Before the West constitutes a tour de force. Ayşe Zarakol brilliantly reorients the Eurocentric focus in international relations scholarship by studying relations between Asian actors in their own right, rather than as derivative of European–Asian interaction. She creatively highlights the influence of the Chinggisid conceptualisations of sovereignty and world order. In so doing, Zarakol demonstrates that we need to focus on the intersubjective understanding of the world order in which those powers are embedded, rather than merely understand the rise and decline of great powers in material terms.’ Hendrik Spruyt, Northwestern University
‘“Brilliant” and “original” don’t begin to do justice to Zarakol’s book. After reading her reconstitution of the Mongol political order and its influence, you will never look at China, Russia or the political structure of Asia the same way again. European history too, especially the Habsburg empire, appears in a new light. Zarakol shows how much of world history, and even our modern age, was shaped by the Mongols’ pattern of highly centralised, aristocratic sovereignty joined to millennial destiny. The breadth and ambition of this book are staggering. A must-read for global history.’ Jack A. Goldstone, George Mason University
‘In Before the West, Ayşe Zarakol provides a brilliant and illuminating macro-history of the rise and fall of Eastern world orders that forcefully challenges the conventional history of international relations. In addition to making a persuasive case to separate the rise and decline of the great powers from the rise and decline of world orders, Ayşe Zarakol provides a masterful explanation of the “decline of the East”. This compelling work that blends history and international relations theory is bound to make you see contemporary issues related to order, rise and decline in new light.’ Manjeet S. Pardesi, Victoria University of Wellington
‘This ingenious book does for IR what Marshall Hodgson did for world economic history. By avoiding Western teleology, Ayşe Zarakol brilliantly reveals the world of “international” relations that existed before the world of Westphalian Europe, but which has for so long been hidden behind the wall of Eurocentrism. Accordingly, the book provides a compelling example of how historical IR can tell us new things about the fundamentals of world politics.’ John M. Hobson FBA, University of Sheffield
‘… a salient contribution to our multipolar world’s conceptual toolkit.’ Shaj Mathew, Critical Inquiry
‘… [an] outstanding work, which introduces Western IR scholars to various significant, yet unfamiliar, empires that directed the history of Eurasian international relations.’ Zheng Chen, China International Strategy Review
‘Zarakol’s book helps us to understand how global International Relations can benefit from historiography with macro-historical perspectives, in times where micro-perspectives are fashionable … This book should inform more nuanced and diverse understandings of international relations and of valuing a humanities-based perspective to international relations, where history, philosophy, area studies or linguistics provide valuable tools to approach IR in a more inclusive and pluralistic way.’ The Journal of Development Studies
‘This terrific book vividly illuminates how history can inform our understanding of our world, our future, and our theories, and it suggests the exciting possibility of even greater depth through further engagement with the 'global IR' literature.’ Carla Norrlöf, Perspectives on Politics
Ayşe Zarakol
