Eski Mısır Tarihi
Marc Van De MieroopEski Mısır Tarihi Gönderileri
Eski Mısır Tarihi kitaplarını, Eski Mısır Tarihi sözleri ve alıntılarını, Eski Mısır Tarihi yazarlarını, Eski Mısır Tarihi yorumları ve incelemelerini 1000Kitap'ta bulabilirsiniz.
In the first centuries of its existence the elaboration of Christian creed and its fusion with Greek philosophical concepts, especially Neo-Platonic ideas, occupied many thinkers, and Egypt’s Alexandria as a center of intellectual activity played a major role in these developments.
Although the camel had been domesticated in the Near East since the early 1st millennium BC, in Egypt it became a beast of burden only under the Romans. They developed the desert routes providing water sources and rest places. These routes also gave access to quarries for stones such as porphyry, an imperial stone.
Isis’s cult spread throughout the Mediterranean and she had a temple in the city of Rome decades before the Roman conquest of Egypt. The Romans took her cult wherever they went in the empire, and temples and cult objects to her have been excavated from northern England to Afghanistan.
Upon his defeat of Antony and Cleopatra, Octavian–soon afterwards called Augustus–made Egypt his personal province to be governed by a prefect. The country’s agricultural resources were too valuable to be left in the hands of a senator, and Roman senators were even banned from visiting the country without the emperor’s authorization.
Now married to her own three-year-old son Ptolemy XV Caesarion, Cleopatra dazzled Mark Antony with theatrics–presenting herself as the goddess Isis–and (perhaps) beauty. She bore the Roman general twin boys and a daughter, and in 32 BC Antony divorced his Roman wife, Octavian’s sister Octavia. Antony granted Cleopatra and her family members large territories in the eastern Mediterranean from southern Turkey to Cyrene in North Africa as dominions. In return she financed Antony’s eastern campaigns.
Ptolemy II and Arsinoe were also the first full siblings to be married in a new practice that continued throughout the dynasty’s existence. The marriage was not exclusive and kings were still polygamous, but the primary queens were most often full sisters of the kings.
In Egypt, Alexander found a concept of kingship with very close ties to the gods and he had no qualms about inserting himself into that tradition. He visited the then famous oracle of Amun in the Siwa oasis and learned there that he was that god’s son; tradition has that he then went to Memphis to be crowned pharaoh.
Alexandria was first a Mediterranean city, second a part of Egypt. The inland lakes behind it separated it from the country, and the Romans saw the city as distinct from Egypt. The official who governed the country on the emperor’s behalf was “prefect of Alexandria and Egypt.”
The chosen animal was called Apis henceforth and was only distinguished from the other bulls through the names of its mother, who also became the object of a cult. The Apis was installed in the Ptah temple at Memphis and resided there for its entire life. It was used for breeding and its calves were venerated as well. In these sheltered conditions bulls usually lived some 20 years or more. When they died the entire country went into mourning and the body was mummified like that of a king with special rituals in an embalming house at Saqqara.
Darius organized the legal system by ordering scholars to collect all the laws of Egypt down to the reign of Ahmose II (570–526). They labored on the project for 10 years and produced Demotic and Aramaic versions of the collection. These volumes are lost, but the enterprise earned Darius the title of one of the great lawgivers of Egypt.
Egypt’s fortified borders failed to keep the enemy out. In 525 the Persians dodged the first line of defense in the eastern Delta by using desert routes and prevailed in a major battle. Herodotus mentions that he could still see the skeletons of the slain soldiers – Egyptians and Persians – in the desert sand a century later. Egypt became part of the Persian empire.
The Greek settlement at Naukratis provides the earliest evidence for iron smelting in Egypt, which suggests that mercenaries introduced the technology.
Herodotus relates that a Phanes of Halicarnassus deserted to Cambyses and advised an attack through the desert with the help of Arabs. When the battle lines were drawn Phanes’s former colleagues in the Egyptian army cut his sons’ throats in his sight and drank the blood mixed with wine.
Nekau also sponsored an expedition by Phoenician sailors to circumnavigate Africa, which took three years. Many historians are suspicious of the claim that they succeeded, but the statement that they saw the sun on their right in the north – which Herodotus himself did not believe – seems to confirm that they rounded the southern tip of Africa.