The World of European Mythology Gönderileri
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For some, gods have been a literal presence; for others, gods have been metaphors for vague understandings of the mysteries of the universe and the psyche. Perhaps most importantly, humans have needed divinity to make sense of where we came from and of who and what we are. Both as a species and as cultures it is difficult to conceive of mere chance existence. We crave identity. As the one species blessed or cursed by the sense of plot— of beginnings, middles, and ends—we are driven to tell the essential story of where we came from and why. So we have gods who created us. And our images of creation say a great deal about who we are.
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Easily the most popular of the Norse gods was Thor, the northern version of the German Thunr. Thor is the god of sky and thunder, preserver of law and order in Midgard. As the son of the sky god Odin and the earth goddess Fyorgyn (Earth), he is also a god of fertility. Thor is dependable where Odin is unpredictable. Above all, he is steadfast in the struggle of the gods against the Giants. He retains the Herculean characteristics that the Romans had recognized in Thunr. Huge in size, with red beard and eyes, he has enormous appetites and not much wit. He carries a great hammer and wears iron gloves and a girdle of power.
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Vikings, or Norsemen, were Swedes, Danes, and Norwegians who between 780 and 1070 undertook wide-scale raids and in many cases colonization in what was, in effect, a second migration period for Germanic peoples. Vikings took much of the British Isles, found their way to Italy, Spain, and Southern France,
and to Kiev, Constantinople, and Baghdad in the east, and probably to pre-Columbian North America in the west. Most important for the student of Germanic mythology, they colonized Iceland, where, in a somewhat isolated situation, there developed what Jaan Puhvel calls “a flowering of antiquarian culture” (190)
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The term Germanic mythology refers to the gods and heroes of European peoples that include Germans, Scandinavians, and Anglo-Saxons. These are people whose languages—one of which would evolve into Old English and then, with other influences, into Middle and Modern English—derive from the same Indo-European branch. Terms commonly applied to the most northern of the Germanic peoples are Norse and, during the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries, Viking. Germanic mythology has a certain unity of theme and narrative but reflects the conditions of several cultures “contaminated” in various degrees by surrounding realities. Thus, the Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf in Old English contains elements of Germanic mythology, as do the later German epic the Nibelungenlied, the Scandinavian Volsunga Saga, and especially the Eddas of Iceland. But all these works bear the marks and influences of the Christian era in which they took literary form.
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Aphrodite was said to be the daughter of Zeus and the nymph Dione, but we believe now, as noted above, that she came to Greece from the east, probably as a version of the fertility goddess Astarte.
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As is so often the case in patriarchal systems, it is the seduced woman who suffers the consequences of adultery rather than the seducer.
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