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charismatic leaders become more appealing when existential concerns are aroused.
they mitigate existential terror by infusing us with a sense of pride and power accompanied by the assurance that our group will persist in perpetuity.
Money serves an archetypal role in human ritual and religion in direct service of transcending death.
Thousands of years ago, money originated in religious rituals as consecrated tokens with immortal connotations. The sacred value of the exchange was its primary purpose. In ancient Greece, families held communal feasts in honor of their heroic ancestors. The families believed that ancestors had the character and power of immortal gods and could thus provide protection, advice, and direction for their living progeny. So the living relatives sacrificed bulls (the word “capital” comes from “cattle”) and roasted them on spits. Then they distributed the pieces of meat to everyone in attendance, withholding only the “surplus,” a piece left on the spit to be “consumed” by the fire as an offering to the heroic ancestors.
The “surplus” meat on the spit was called the obelos, or “coin” (related to the word “obligation”). Obeloi were also made from pieces of metal, bearing images of individual ancestors. Outsiders could use these coins to join the feasts. People would eagerly trade goods in order to obtain these highly valued coins. Because they attributed magical qualities to the coins, people began to worship them. Carried as amulets, the coins derived their power from “basking in reflected glory” of the heroic ancestors depicted on them. In this way, the coins used in the communal feast kept the ancestors’ sacred power circulating. Sacrificing the bulls and giving the surplus to the dead ancestors showed reverence for the past. Sharing one’s food with ancestors imbued the living with supernatural attributes to ensure prosperity in the future.
Research has borne out the fact that we strive for higher self-esteem in the face of mortality. After thinking about their death, Israeli soldiers whose self-esteem was strongly tied to their driving ability drove faster on a simulator. Elsewhere, those who based their self-worth on physical strength generated a stronger handgrip after they thought about death; those who based their self-worth on physical fitness reported increased intentions to exercise; and those who based their self-worth on beauty reported greater concern about their appearance.
Chinese nobles and kings, following the proverb “Treat death as life,” had their servants, artisans, concubines, and soldiers buried alive with them when they died.
Once children understand that they, as well as their mothers and fathers, are perpetually vulnerable and ultimately finite, they shift from their parents to their culture as their primary source of psychological equanimity. Deities and social authorities and institutions now appear to be more stable and enduring than our all-too-mortal and therefore all-too-vulnerable parents, grandparents, and pets.
For some people life is very simple. They decide that this is good, that is bad, this is wrong, that’s right. There is no right in wrong, no good in bad, no shadings and grays, all blacks and whites…. Now others of us find that good, bad, right, wrong are many-sided, complex things; we try to see every side, but the more we see, the less sure we are.
The Wolf Man, 1941