Many of these first Puritans had been Protestant exiles of the reign of Bloody Mary (1553–57). Hounded out of their homeland by their Catholic queen, these Protestant sympathizers had gone to Geneva and mobilized as a vanguard for a fresh Calvinist assault on England. The military image is appropriate, for in the late 1550s Geneva had become a center for international subversion, sending out cadres of students inflamed with a passion to overthrow Catholicism in their homelands. In 1560 John Knox was successful in Scotland, and the English reformers hoped for as much in their own country.
In its quest to reshape England, the Puritan movement passed through three rather clearly marked periods: First, under Queen Elizabeth (1558–1603) it tried to purify the Church of England along the lines of Calvin’s Geneva. Second, under James I and Charles I (1603–42) it resisted the claims of the monarchy and suffered under royal pressures designed to force conformity to a high-church style of Christianity. Third, during England’s civil war and Oliver Cromwell’s rule (1642–60) Puritans had a chance to shape the national church in England but failed because of their internal dissensions.
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In England, King John differed with Innocent over the election of the archbishop of Canterbury, and Innocent placed England under interdict and excommunicated John. Under attack from his barons, John capitulated to Innocent by becoming his vassal, receiving England back as a fief, and paying him a sizable annual tribute.
In France, Innocent forced King Philip Augustus to comply with the church’s moral code by taking back as his queen the woman he had divorced with the consent of the French bishops.
And within the Holy Roman Empire (Germany), Innocent intervened in a civil war between rival candidates for the throne, supporting first one, then the other. In the end Innocent secured the election of his ward, the young Hohenstaufen heir Frederick II, who promised to respect papal rights and to go on a crusade.
"'I have a secret for you.”
I awoke to Clarkson whispering in my ear. It was as if my body just knew to respond to him, and I wasn’t even startled. Instead, I was gently stirred by his voice, and it was the sweetest way to wake up
in the world.
'Do you?' I rubbed my eyes and looked at his impish smile.
He nodded. 'Shall I tell you?' I giggled in reply, and he bent his head again to my ear. 'You are going to be the next queen of Illéa.'"
"I’d decided that I was going to stop dressing like a princess and start
dressing like a queen."