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Unvan:
Tarih Profesörü
Doğum:
2 Kasım 1960
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1 okur okudu.
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That said, the association between Jews and money was not an invention out of whole cloth. Jews were highly visible in vocations based in finance in medieval and early modern times. They were drawn to lucrative albeit dangerous commercial activities such as money-lending, tax-farming, and liquor production from which they had not been excluded. They developed considerable expertise in these domains and used their family and broader social networks to expand the scale of their trade. On the basis of these features, the German sociologist Werner Sombart argued in 1911 that it was Jews, impatient with the pace of medieval commerce, who laid the foundations for the modern capitalist system. Undoubtedly Jewish economic agents, from the court Jews to large German or Sephardic Jewish banking families, played an important role in helping to build national and international financial institutions in early modern and modern times. That said, it would be a mistake to reduce the complex evolution of capitalism to the actions of a small cohort of wealthy Jewish bankers.
Sayfa 195
Images of the Jews’ dirtiness assumed even more sinister form when blood entered into the story. The claim that Jews murdered Christian children to use their blood—for example, to prepare the unleavened bread eaten during Passover (matsah) or to poison wells—stood at the heart of the infamous blood libel whose origins extend back to the twelfth century in Norwich, England (1144). This accusation was destined for a long future, making hundreds of appearances in the Middle Ages.
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Blood-based allegations against Jews endure to this day, especially in the Arab and Muslim worlds (where Jews are largely absent, although a frequent target of vilification). Former Egyptian president Muhamad Morsi made reference in a 2010 interview to Zionists as “bloodsuckers” and “descendants of apes and pigs.” In 2015, a website run by an Iranian parliamentarian referred to the Jews as “history’s most bloodthirsty people.”
Sayfa 192
At the same time, it is important to note that Jews internalized the idea that they had been chosen by God to become, as the Bible declared, a “great” or “holy nation”; ironically, the biblical word for “nation” is the same as the later term for a non-Jew, “goy.”
Sayfa 64
Doña Gracia Nasi Mendes was one of the most powerful Jews in the sixteenth century. Born into a Roman Catholic family that had been forcibly converted from Judaism in Portugal, she then “returned” to Judaism, using her business acumen and wealth to support other Jews (and especially other former conversos) to excape the scrutiny of the Inquisition in Antwerp, Venice, and Ferrara, Italy. Eventually, she made her way to the Ottoman Empire, where she joined forces with her nephew and son-in-law, Don Joseph Nasi, to continue her business and charitable activities.
Sayfa 176
With a measure of historical perspective, it can be argued that one of Zionism’s greatest achievements was the transformation of Hebrew into a language spoken by millions and the creation of a world-class literary culture that has boasted outstanding prose writers and poets, including Yosef Hayim Brenner, Chaim Nahman Bialik, Rachel (Bluwstein), Leah Goldberg, S. Yizhar, Dahlia Ravikovitch, Yehuda Amichai, Amos Oz, and David Grossman. Validation of the excellence of Hebrew letters came in 1996 when one of the greatest of Israeli novelists, Shmuel Yosef Agnon, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.
Sayfa 106
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