Darwin argues for the genesis of human language from rudimentary animal communication, thus echoing Herder’s belief that human speech has its origin in the imitation of natural sounds. Darwin “cannot doubt that language owes its origin to the imitation and modifications of various natural sounds, the voices of other animals, and man’s own instinctive cries, aided by signs and gestures.”
Schopenhauer’s starting point in describing experience is embodied perception. “Our own body ... is the starting point for each of us in the perception of the world. ... The body is for us the immediate object, in other words, that representation that forms the starting-point of the subject’s knowledge."
The French have already discovered that the blackness of the skin is no reason why a human being should be abandoned without redress to the caprice of a tormenter. It may come one day to be recognized, that the number of the legs, the villosiy of the skin, or the termination of the os sacrum, are reasons equally insufficient for abandoning a sensitive being to the same fate. What else is it that should trace the insuperable line?
Is it the faculy of reason, or, perhaps, the faculy of discourse? But a full-grown horse or dog is beyond comparison a more rational, as well as a more conversable animal, than an infant of a day, or a week, or even a month, old. But suppose the case were otherwise, what would it avail? the question is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk? but, Can they sufer?
Descartes applies this general distinction between unconscious mechanistic sensation in animals and conscious sensation in humans to the specific case of feeling.
The animal’s inabiliy to engage in reflection gives it an advantage over human beings: animals enjoy an “enviable tranquilliy and placidiy,” whereas “by means of reflection and everything connected therewith, there is developed in man from those same elements of pleasure and pain which he has in common with the animal, an enhancement of susceptibiliy to happiness and unhappiness which is capable of leading to momentary, and sometimes even fatal, ecstasy or else to the depths of despair and suicide.