Liebig (in Induktion und Deduktion, 1865) was probably the first to reject the inductive method from the standpoint of natural science; his attack is directed against Bacon. Duhem (in La théorie physique, son objet et sa structure, 1906; English translation by P. P. Wiener: The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory, Princeton, 1954) holds pronounced deductivist views. (*But there are also inductivist views to be found in Duhem’s book, for example in the third chapter, Part One, where we are told that only experiment, induction, and generalization have produced Descartes’s law of refraction; cf. the English translation, p. 34.) So does V. Kraft, Die Grundformen der Wissenschaftlichen Methoden, 1925; see also Carnap, Erkenntnis 2, 1932, p. 440.
My own view is that the various difficulties of inductive logic here sketched are insurmountable. So also, I fear, are those inherent in the doctrine, so widely current today, that inductive inference, although not ‘strictly valid’, can attain some degree of ‘reliability’ or of ‘probability’.
In the eyes of the upholders of inductive logic, a principle ofinduction is of supreme importance for scientific method: ‘...this principle’, says Reichenbach, ‘determines the truth of scientific theories. To eliminate it from science would mean nothing less than to deprive science of the power to decide the truth or falsity of its theories. Without it, clearly, science would no longer have the right to distinguish its theories from the fanciful and arbitrary creations of the poet’s mind.’
The Science of Light and Lasers | Szydlo's At Home Science
"Laser is a device for producing a special type of light and intensely concentrated beam of light which is coherent. Coherent means essentially two things. The light, all of the light that comes out has exactly the same wavelength. Furthermore, it is coherent which means that all the waves move up and down together in the same
The discovery of the structure of DNA provided a mechanistic key that unlocked the mystery of genes. Genes are chemicals and chemistry is just thermodynamics; so did the discovery of the double helix finally bring life entirely into the realm of classical science?
Congratulations to Turkish people on the historic discovery of energy resources in the Black sea. This is a gift from Allah to Turkey as Turkey advances her ranks amongst the prominent countries of the world ...
May Allah protect Turkey and take her from strength to strength...
Perspective
Perspective is the method of sketching a front with the sides withdrawing into the background, the lines all meeting in the centre of a circle. All three come of reflexion and invention. Reflexion is careful and laborious thought, and watchful attention directed to the agreeable effect of one's plan. Invention, on the other hand, is the solving of intricate problems and the discovery of new principles by means of brilliancy and versatility. These are the departments belonging under Arrangement.
