The Franks encountered numerous enemies in the early Middle Ages, most of whom were defeated by this infantry force. Chief among these were the Muslim armies that invaded the Frankish lands until 732, when Charles Martel defeated them at the battle of Poitiers and later pushed them below the Pyrenees. The Muslims fought on horseback, and although defeated, put up such a virulent opposition to the Franks that it forever changed the latter’s military strategy. So quick and decisive was this change that when chroniclers describe the Frankish army at the battle of the Dyle, fought in 891, they report that “the Franks are unused to fighting on foot.”
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